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Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

PV graph for different rxns

A

isobaric = MOST WORK DONE (biggest area)

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2
Q

ashesion / cohesion

A

high adhesion = concave
high cohesion = convex

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3
Q

conduction

A

direct contact between surfaces to transfer heat

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4
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat by motion of fluid (air, liquid) over material
convection ovens cook faster (use both convection + radiaton)

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5
Q

radiation

A

transfer of energy by EM waves, can transfer through vacuum

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6
Q

phase change

A

no change in temp, NRG only to change state
q = mL (L = latent heat of transformation)
sublimation = solid-gas. deposition = gas-solid

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7
Q

isobaric process

A

pressure constant
the normal PV curve is straight line
W = PV, most work done

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8
Q

isothermal process

A

temperature constant (internal NRG constant, U = 0)
Q = W

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9
Q

isovolumetric process

A

no volume change, W = 0! (no area)
U = Q

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10
Q

adiabatic process

A

no heat exchange (Q = 0)
U = W

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11
Q

weight of a given volume using density

A

Fg = p V g
needed in buoyancy Qs

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12
Q

pressure

A

ratio of Force:Area, N/m^2 = Pa
P = F/A
F = P x A
hydrostatic pressure, dynamic pressure, atmospheric pressure
absolute pressure = Patm + pgh
guage pressure = difference between absolute and atm pressures

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13
Q

pascal’s principle

A
  • fluid is incompressible, force/pressure is distributed
  • hydruolics!!
  • VOLUME moved on both sides must be equal, so A1d1 = A2d2
  • PRESSURE on both sides must be equal, so F1/A1 = F2/A2
  • factor that d1 is larger than d2 is same factor that F2 is larger than F1
  • eg. press down 3X as far, create force on other side 3X as powerful
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14
Q

viscosity

A

resistance of fluid to flow
usually assume it is negligible (need this for Bernoulli)
turbulent flow = occurs past critical speed

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15
Q

flow RATE

A
  • ** flow rate is independent of changes in AREA or SPEED**
  • v1A1 = v2A2
  • flows faster when area is smaller, but Q will be constant!!
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16
Q

concept of breathing and pressure

A
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17
Q

venturi flow meter

A
  • as area decreases, v increases, so dynamic P increases
  • this means static P decreases – fluid doesn’t push as much, so the height of fluid in the column is LOWER
  • referring to h = height of fluid column from static P
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18
Q

charge of electron/proton

A

1.6 x 10^19 C
either + or -

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19
Q

when placed 1m apart, would 1C of electrons or 1C of protons have greater acceleration?

A

since both have the same charge (Q), Fe is the SAME
Fnet = Fe
Fnet = m x a
electrons have low mass, therefore higher acceleration

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20
Q

field lines

A

show direction a test charge would move (+)
from a + point charge = outwards
from a - point charge = inwards
force will be in same direction of field if (+), opp direction if (-)

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21
Q

electric potential energy

A
  • potential energy between 2 charges
  • EPE proportional to 1/r for (+) charge
  • HIGH EPE for (+) charges brought CLOSER
  • HIGH EPE for (-) charges moved FURTHER
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22
Q

electric potential

A
  • ratio of EPE to magnitude of charge: V = U/q
  • V = kQ/r
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23
Q

voltage

A
  • potential difference between 2 points at different “r”
  • the WORK to move test charge (+ or -) from INIFINITY to a point in E field
  • (+) charge will move spontaneously to low EPE (moves away) from high potential to low potential ( ΔV = NEGATIVE)
  • (-) charge will move spontaneously to low EPE (moves together) from low potential to high potential ( ΔV = POSITIVE)
  • **move from high potential (voltage) to low potential
  • think: emf
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24
Q

equipotential lines

A

ΔV between any 2 points doesn’t depend on path but the difference in voltage (depends on r)
cirlce lines around point charge with same voltage

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25
Q

magnetism

A
  • any moving charge makes a magnetic field
  • unit = Testla (T)
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26
Q

diamagnetic

A

no unpaired e-
no field
repelled by a magnet

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27
Q

paramagnetic

A

unpaired e-
weakly magnetized in field
dipoles allign
field removed, orient randomly again

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28
Q

ferromagnetic

A

unpaired e-
strongly magnetized y field
eg. bar magnets, N and S poles

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29
Q

force on a moving charge

A

F = qvBsinθ
* Force = 0 when θ = 90 or 180
* so any charge moving parallel/antiparallel to magnetic field feels NO FORCE

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30
Q

force on a current carrying wire

A

*

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31
Q

Fe/E/U/V

summary table:

A
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32
Q

metallic conductivity

A

sea of electrons
metals

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33
Q

electrolytic conductivity

A

concentration of ions in solution
eg. Na+Cl-

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34
Q

current

A
  • I = Q/t
  • how much charge is moving past a point in a certain length of time
  • flow of POSITIVE CHARGE (actual current is opposite)
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35
Q

conductance

A

1/resistance
conductance and resistance are inversely proportional

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36
Q

parallel circuit notes:

A
  • pathway with LOW R = HIGH I
  • when n# of identical resistors in parallel, Rtotal = R/n
  • resistance in parallel DECREASES as you add more resistors (capillary beds)
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37
Q

capacitors

A
  • hold + store charge at a particular Voltage
  • C = Q/V in farads
  • stronger battery (higher V) = hold more charge now (Q)
  • charges it can hold PER Voltage of circuit
  • charges on each side must be equal, eg. -5C & +5C
  • closer plates = higher capacitance (stronger field)
38
Q

capacitor VS battery

A
  • 2 lines same length
  • doesn’t have energy on its own, needs battery to provide charge
  • can only hold charge for limited amount of time
  • overall, holds charges away from each other
39
Q

ammeter

A

measures current
wired in SERIES
circuit needs to be off

40
Q

voltmeter

A

measures voltage DROP between 2 points
wired in PARALLEL
circuit needs to be on

41
Q

dielectric material

A

can place in middle of capacitor
INSULATOR
always INCREASES the C by factor of k – C’ = k x C
eg. add dielectric material wehre k=3, Capacitance is now 3X

42
Q

potential energy stored by capacitor

A

1/2CV^2 (like KE)

43
Q

capacitors in series

A
  • 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2 …
  • reason: charge goes through ALL the distances
  • as distance increases, capacitance decreases
  • more capacitors in series = lower C total
44
Q

capacitors in parallel

A
  • charge can build up on all of the plates at the same time
  • C = C1 + C2 …
  • more charge, higher voltage across each
45
Q

ohmmeter

A

measures resistance
circuit should be OFF

46
Q

transverse VS longitudinal waves

A
  • transverse = oscilation perpendicular to direction of wave
  • longitudinal = oscilation parallel
47
Q

destructive interference

A

need to be 1/2 wavelength out of phase perfectly cancelling

48
Q

range of frequency detection by human ear

A

20-20,000 Hz
above = ultrasonic
below = infrasonic

49
Q

what determines pitch of sound in a column?

A

LENGTH OF COLUMN

50
Q

what is sound

A

mechanical disturbance of particles in a material along the sound wave’s direction of propagation (longitudinal wave)

speed of sound is fastest in SOLID (higher bulk), slowest in GAS (low bulk)

51
Q

speed of sound in air

A

343 m/s

52
Q

doppler effect

A

difference between actual and percieved frequencies when source + detector are moving relative to each other
* towards each other = percieve higher freq.
* away from each other = percieve lower freq
* * mnemonic: observer = detector (d), and source (s) — d / s = dom / sub ;)
* ignore the observer +/-, observer NEVER MOVES
* so becomes v / (v +/- Vs)
* subtract source speed when moving towards

53
Q

intensity threshold of hearing (Io)

A

1 x 10^-12 W/m^2

54
Q

sound intensity

A

I = A^2
I = 1 / d^2
intensity in W/m^2

55
Q

decibel scale

A

increase 10dB = 10x loud
increase 20dB = 100x loud
increase 30dB = 1000x loud
if intensity DOUBLES, decibels increase by 6dB

56
Q

harmonic: strings and open pipe

A
  • n = # of 1/2 wavelengths of the sanding wave supported by the string and open pipe
  • n = number of antinodes (string)
  • n = # of nodes (open pipe)
57
Q

strings and open pipes: wavelength and freq. formulas

A
58
Q

closed pipe: wavelength and freq. formulas

A
59
Q

harmonic: closed pipes

A
  • n = # of 1/4 wavelengths in the pipe
  • only ODD integer harmonics (1st, 3rd,)
60
Q

speed of EM waves in a vaccum/air

A

3 x 10^8 m/s

61
Q

visible light spectrum

A

400-700 nm (x10^-9)

62
Q

blackbody

A

absorbs ALL visible light
appears completely black

63
Q

mirrors

A
  • image on same side as mirror = REAL
  • image behind mirror = VIRTUAL
64
Q

lenses

A
  • image behind lens = REAL
  • image on same side of lens = VIRTUAL
  • convex lens (converging) = similar to concave mirror
  • concave lens (diverging) = similar to convex mirror
65
Q

rules for both mirrors and lenses

A

upright = virtual
inverted = real
no image when d = f

66
Q

multiple lens systems

A

more lenses = higher power = LOW focal length
m1 x m2 x m3 …

67
Q

summary chart: mirrors and lenses

A
68
Q

refraction

A
  • when light goes into a different medium and changes speed
  • as n increases, speed decreases
  • enters higher index = bends CLOSE to normal
  • angle of refraction measured FROM the normal
69
Q

critical angle

A

where angle of refraction = 90 degrees
n1 MUST BE GREATER THAN n2
beyond this, get TIR (fibre optics)

70
Q

myopia

A
  • nearsighted
  • caused by rays of light converging too early, lens of eye is too strong
  • want to use DIVERGING (concave) lens to fix
71
Q

hyperopia

A
  • rays converge too far away, doesn’t hit retina
  • use a converging (convex) lens
72
Q

diagram: myopia and hyperopia

A

goal: want the rays to intersect at exactly the RETINA

73
Q

single slit diffraction

A

central bright fringe = 2x width
m = dark spots
centrepoint where m = 0

74
Q

double slit diffraction

A
  • all bright spots SAME WIDTH, similar intensities
75
Q

polarization

A
  • light = TRANSVERSE wave
  • direction of wave prop. perpendicular to oscilation
  • naturally, direction of oscillation is in all directions, but can polarize the direction of oscillation to one direction (like normal transverse plane wave)
  • enantiomers rotate PPL in opposite direcitons
76
Q

EM Spectrum Order

A

LIGHT = TRANSVERSE WAVE
radio > micro > IR > visible > UV > X ray > gamma

77
Q

photoelectric effect

A

when high frequency light strikes a metal, the metal emits an ELECTRON –> creates current
E = hf (enegy of photons at specifc f)

78
Q

photon

A

light quanta (indivisible energy bundle)
proportional to the frequency of light
energy of photons: E = hf

79
Q

planck’s constant

A

6.626 x 10^-34 Js

80
Q

absorption and emission of light

A
  • absorption of NRG = jumps to higher energy level
  • emission = when electron falls to a lower energy level, emits a PHOTON
  • used in IR spectroscopy, or UV-vis spectroscopy
81
Q

fluorescence

A

excite with UV light, electron returns to original state emitting wavelength of higher magnitude (lower NRG) in visible region

82
Q

mass defect

A

phenomenon where the actual mass of the nucleus is slightly less than the sum of all the proton and neutrons
due to some matter that’s been converted to ENERGY (nuclear binding energy)
E = mc^2 – nuclear binding energy

83
Q

nuclear reactions

A

fusion = small nuclei combine to form large nucleus (eg. sun)
fission = large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei (power plants)

84
Q

alpha decay

A

lose 2 protons and 2 neutrons
mass - 4
z - 2 (element changes)

85
Q

beta minus decay

A

neutron decays to a proton
emits electron
mass stays the same, Z+1 (element changes)

86
Q

beta plus decay

A

proton decays to a neutron
mass stays the same, Z-1 (element changes)

87
Q

gamma decay

A

excited nucleus Z emits a RAY
nothing changes, same element + gamma ray
gamma ray = NO MASS, NO CHARGE

88
Q

electron capture

A

e- combines with proton to form neutron
mass unchanged, Z-1 (lose proton) so element changes

89
Q

types of radioactive decays: summary chart

A
90
Q

half life

A

how long it takes for HALF the sample to decay, always constant for a particular material
100% - 50% - 25% - 12.5% - 6.25% - 3.125%
given half life, calculate how long it takes to decay, or how many half lives it takes to get this amount

91
Q

wavelength of photon

A

wavelength = h c / E

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