Behavioural Sciences Flashcards
1
Q
hindbrain
A
- cerebellum = blanace/refined motor
- medulla oblongata = vitals
- reticular formation = alertness/arousal
2
Q
midbrain
A
sensory/motor info from body
REFLEXES
3
Q
forebrain
A
NOT needed for survival, complex processes
cortex, basal ganglia, limbic, thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal
4
Q
thalamus
A
sensory waystation (NOT smell)
MGN = auditory info
LGN = visual infor
5
Q
hypothalamus
A
homeostasis
* LH = triggers eating (damage = lack hunger)
* VMH = triggers satiety (damage = very much hungry)
* AH = sexual, sleep, body temp
6
Q
posterior pituitary
A
oxytocin + ADH from hypothalamus
7
Q
pineal gland
A
melatonin – biological rhythms
8
Q
basal ganglia
A
smooth movement + posture
9
Q
limbic system
A
- amygdala = aggression/defensive, processes environment, external cues, learns from surroundings
- hippocampus = long term mems, learning/memory
- hypothalamus = homeostasis
- thalamus = relays sensory info (EXCEPT SMELL)
- septal nuclei = pleasure centre
10
Q
cortex
A
- frontal = prefrontal cortex (superivse), motor cortex (precentral gyrus), Broca’s area
- parietal = somatosensory cortex, integrate sensory information
- occipital = vision
- temporal = auditory, Wenicke, hippocampus
11
Q
dominant hemisphere
A
- usually LEFT
- letters, words, speech, reading, math, language sounds, complex voluntary movement
12
Q
non-dominant hemisphere
A
faces, music, emotions, geometry, direction
13
Q
dopamine
A
role in movement/posture
HIGH in Schizophrenia
LOW in Parkinsons
14
Q
serotonin
A
mood, sleeping, eating, dreaming
15
Q
GABA
A
- inhibitory, hyperpolarization of post synaptic membrane, Cl- channel causing hyperpolarization
- reduces neuronal excitability
- LOW LEVELS in patients with anxiety
- does NOT really relate to MOOD disorders
16
Q
glycine NT
A
inhibitory
hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane (same as GABA)
17
Q
glutamate NT
A
excitatory NT
18
Q
peptide NT
A
endorphins, natural painkillers
19
Q
sensation VS transduction VS perception
A
sensation = receptors in PNS detect stimulus
transduction = convert physical stimuli to electrical signals in NS
perception = processing of this info to understand it
20
Q
sensory receptors
A
- photoreceptors =EM waves
- hair cells = hearing, rot/lin acceleration
- nociceptors = pain
- thermoreceptors
- osmoreceptors
- olfactory receptors
- taste receptors
21
Q
absolute threshold
A
minimum stimulus to activate SENSORY system
22
Q
threshold of conscious perception
A
below this, stimulus arrives at CNS but is not perceived by higher brain structures
23
Q
JND threshold
A
minimum difference between 2 stimuli to percieve difference
24
Q
Weber’s Law
A
(discriminatory change/original value) x 100%
* constant ratio of discrimination – higher magnitude stimulus needs higher magnitute change to percieve difference
* LINEAR RELATIONSHIP
25
signal detection theory
change in our percpetion of stimuli based on context, how perception is influenced by memories/expectation
26
sclera
white of eye, not over front most cornea
27
retina
innermost layer, has photoreceptors (considered CNS)
cones = colour (bright light)
rids = light/dark (dark light)
28
fovea
middle of retina = macula
centremost region is fovea = ONLY CONES
as move away to edges, cones decrease and rods increase
29
resolution of photoreceptors
as # of receptors that converse through bipolar neurons increase, the resolution DECREASES
cones have HIGH resolution, so LESS converging at one ganglia
30
parallel processing
simultaneously analyze/combine colour, shape, motion
* colour = cone cells
* shape = parvocellular cells (HIGH spatial resolution, LOW temporal)
* motion = magnocellular cells (LOW spatial, HIGH temporal) blurry but moving
31
place theory
location of hair cell that gets vibrated on basilar membrane determines perception of PITCH
base (close) = HIGH frequencies, apex (end) LOW frequencies
32
vestibule
utricel & saccule
LINEAR acceleration, used in balance
33
semicircular canals
ROTATIONAL acceleration
34
pacinican corpuscles
deep pressure/vibration
35
meissner corpuscles
light touch
36
merkel discs
deep pressure/texture
37
ruffini endings
stretch
38
free nerve endings
pain + temperature
39
2 point threshold
minimum distance between 2 points of stimulation to feel as DISTINCT
**depends on density of nerves**
40
gate theory of pain
gate mechanism can turn pain on/off by spinal cord preferentially forwarding other sensory signals to the brain to lower pain perception
41
proprioception
kinesthetic sense, where body is in space
receptors found in muscle/joints
hand eye cord, balance, mobility
42
bottom up processing
slower, first time, parallel processing, combine stimuli to create image before determining what the object is
43
top down processing
faster, memories/expectations, quick recognition of object as a whole before recognizing components
44
gesalt principles
** law of pragnaz = perceptual organization always as simple, regular, symmetrical as possible**
* proximity = objects close together percieved as unit
* similarity = similar objects grouped together
* good continuation = elements seem to follow same pathway/pattern groped together, most simple pattern
* subjective contours = perciving shapes not present due to contours
* closure = percieve as complete figure even if not fully closed
PGSSC
45
classical conditioning
* involuntary behaviours instinctual reponse
* associate 2 unrelated stimuli\
* generalization = similar stimuli produce response
* discrimination = distinguish between 2 similar stimuli
46
operant conditioning
* VOLUNTARY behaviours with consequences
* escape learning = do something to reduce negative effect
* avoidance learning = do something to prevent negative effect
47
reinforcement schedules
* FR = after fixed # performances (2nd best)
* VR = after varying # performances (BEST -- very rapid / very resistant)
* FI = after fixed interval of time, WORST
* VI = after varying intervals of time, 3rd best
**RATIO > INTERVAL, VARIABLE > FIXED
48
sensory memory
very short
maintained by snesory projection areas
fades quickly
49
short-term memory
hippocampus, 7 +/- 2 items in STM
can use rehearasal techniques to learn + move to LTM
50
working memory
allows up to manipulate few pieces of info
eg. simple math in heads
51
long term memory
BEST = elaborative rehearsal
hippocampus consolidates STM -> LTM
implicit and explicit memory
52
implicit memory
skills, conditioned responses, procedures
eg. tying shoe, riding a bike
53
explicit memory
1. semantic memory = FACTS, concepts, ideas
2. episodic memory = semantic memories in a specific context, our EXPERIENCES, emotional association
54
alzheimer's
* retrograde memory loss
* APP mifolds ,form plaques from B-sheet insoluble
55
korsakoff's syndrome
memoryloss due to thiamine deficiency + alcoholism
both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
confabulation
56
confabulation
false memory creation
57
long term potentiation
as simulus, repeated, neurons increase efficiency of releasing NTs, receptor sites on postsynaptic membrane increase, basis for LTM
58
proactive VS retroactive interference
* proactive = old information impairs ability to learn NEW
* retroactive = new information causes forgetting of OLD
59
piaget's stages
**1. sensorimotor (0-2)** = 1/2 circular reactions, ENDS with object permanence
**2. preoperational (2-7)** = symbolic, centration, egocentrism, pretend play
**3. concrete operational (7-11)** = CONSERVATION, learn empathy and math skills
**4. formal operational (11+)** = abstract thinking, moral reasoning
60
vygotsky
culture influences development, scaffolding
zone of proximal development = space between what child can do on their own and what they can do with help
61
fluid vs crystallized intelligence
fluid intelligence = problem solving skills
crystaqllized intelligence = learned skills / knowledge
62
IQ
mental age / chronological age x 100
63
states of consciousness -- "BATD"
* awake = beta waves, reticular formation (disrupted = coma)
* relaxed = alpha waves, slower, eyes closed
* Stage 1 = theta waves (irregular, slow)
* Stage 2 = sleep spindles, K complexes
* Stage 3+4 = delta waves (SWS), low freq high V
* REM intersperced between stages of sleep
One sleep cycle = 90 minutes, REM between
64
REM
* patterns mimic wakefulness (beta) but person is asleep
* memory consolidation, dreams
* most REM is at the END of the night
65
circadian rhythms
* low light = releases melatonin from pineal gland, controlled by hypothalamus connected to retina, makes you sleepy
* high light = CRF increases, stimulaties ACTH, cortex releases cortisol to keep you awake
66
dreaming theories
* activation synthesis = desires, needs, memories
* problem solving = use dreams to solve stuff
* cognitive process theory = dreams are stream of consciousness
67
dyssomnias
difficult to FALL, STAY, AVOID, sleep
insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea
68
parasomnia
abnormal behaviour while sleeping
night terrors, sleepwalking
69
depressants
* REDUCE NS activity
* alcohol = increases GABA, brain inhibition, alcohol myopia
* benzos/barbituates = increase GABA, relaxation
70
stimulants
* increase frequency of action potentials
* amphetamines = increase dopamine/E/NE/serotonin, decrease reuptake
* cocaine = anesthetic + vasoconstrictive
* ecstasy
* opiates (morphine, codeine)
* opioids (oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin)
71
marijuana
stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen
INHIBITS GABA
also increase dopamine, serotonin, NE
72
mesolimbic reward pathway
* responsible for drug addiction
* pathway connecting the **midbrain to the forebrain**
* releases dopamine, reinforcing behaviours that are percieved as pleasurable
* **dopamine = reinforces drug use**
73
nativisty theory of language
innate capacity for language (LAD)
critical period for development = 2-puberty
74
learning theory of language
skinner, learn by operant conditioning, reinforcement by parents
75
social interactionist theory of language
interaction of biological and social processes
language driven by desire to communicate
76
wharfian hypothesis
language determines perception of reality
77
arcuate fasciculus
connects Broca + Wernicke
damage = conduction aphasia
**speech + comprehension unaffected, but cannot repeat what's been said**
78
opponent process theory
when drug is taken repeatedly, body changes physiology to oppose drug's effects
explains WITHDRAWL
79
3 elements of emotion
* physiological response
* behavioural response (facial + body lang)
* cognitive response (subjective interpretation of feeling)
80
common sense theory of emotion
stimulus -- feel emotion -- physiologic response
my heart is pounding because i am afraid
81
james-lange theory of emotion
stimulus -- physiologic response -- feel emotion
i am afraid because my heart is pounding
82
cannon-bard theory of emotion
stimulus -- physiologic response & feel emotion
my heart is pounding and the wolf makes me afraid
* Cannon hypothesized the thalamus sent sensory info simultaneously to BOTH sympathetic NS and the cortex
* **critique = fails to account for VAGUS nerve -- feedback system sends info from periopheral organs to CNS, peripheral organs can still relay info to the brain even when afferent nerves severed**
83
sachter-singer theory of emotion
stimulus -- physiologic response &**same time cognitive appraisal** -- feel emotion
my heart is pounding means i am afraid because i have interpreted the situation as dangerous
**physiologic arousal and interpretation occur simultaneously, then leading to emotion**
84
limbic system components list
amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex
85
amygdala
* fear, process environment, interpret facial expressions
* controls IMPLICIT memory
* aggressive behaviour
86
hippocampus
temporal lobe, controls EXPLICIT memory, creating LTM's
storage + retrieval of emotional memories
87
prefrontal cotrex
* complex planning, decisions, personality
* dorsal = attention + cognition
* ventral = emotion
* venteromedial = controlling emotional responses from AMYGDALA
88
general adaptation syndrome
1. alarm = initial reaction, SNS activated, trigger stress hormones
2. reistance = continued hormones, SMS fight stressor, resistance to sickness
3. exhaustion = body can't maintain elevated response, sickness
89
Freud's identity development
1. oral (0-1) = mouth, fixtion = dependency
2. anal (1-3), fixation = orderliness/messiness
3. phallic (3-5), oepidal/electra conflict resolved, fixation = vanity, envy, self-obsession, sexual dysfunction
4. latent (5-puberty) = libido silenced
5. genital (puberty-adult) = healthy heterosexual relations
90
Erikson's psychosocial development
(my silly girl in red is selling drugs)
trust v. mistrust (0-1)
autonomy v. shame (1-3)
initiative v. guilt (3-6)
industry v. inferiority (6-12)
identity v. role confusion (12-20)
intimacy v. isolation (20-40)
generativity v. stagnation (40-65)
integrity v. despair (65+)
91
kohlberg's moral reasoning
* personality depends on development of moral reasoning
* Preconventional -- 1. obedience (consequences) 2. self-interest (gain rewards)
* Conventional -- 3. conformity (approval of others) 4. law/order (maintain social order)
* Postconventional -- 5. social contract (moral rules = greater good) 6. universal human ethics (abstract)
92
vygotsky personality
driven by child's internalization of culture, ZOPD
93
psychoanalytic perspective: personality
1. Freud
2. Jung
3. Adler + Horney
94
Freud's psychosexual
* inborn sexual instincts
* id = inborn urges, **pleasure principle**
* superego = perfectionist, judging, pride/guilt
* ego = oppose id, **reality principle**, moderates superego/ego
* *eg. id=child, superego=parents, ego = mediator
95
Jung
* libido in general, not just sexual
* inborn archetypes = **Jungian archetypes**
* archetypes = underlying forms/concepts, building blocks of common experiences
* ego = conscious mind
* unconscious mind = personal + collective
* SELF is the harmony between conscious, collective unconscious, personal unconscious
* 3 dichotomies of personality, led to Myers-Briggs Type Inventory
96
Jungian archetypes
* persona = personality we present to the world
* anima = man's femininity, sex-inappropriate
* animus = woman's masculinity, sex-inappropriate
* shadow = unpleasant + socially incorrect thoughts/feels
97
Adler + Horney
* **adler** = striving for superiority drives personality
* **horney** = diagree with Freud's assumption about women -- personality is governed by neurotic needs, if become the central focus this leads to neurotic need (ANXIETY)
98
humanistic perspective of personality
* **Rogers Person Centred Theory** = help client reflect, make choices, take action, power to control OWN behaviour
* **person-centred**, value individuals, how HEALTHY people strive to SELF REALIZATION (**Maslow**)
* **Kelly** = used himself, individuals = scientists, anxious means having diccifulty understanding environment
99
type theories
* ancient greek humours
* sheldon's somatotypes
* type A (high strung), type B (relaxed)
* myers-briggs type inventory
100
trait theories
* 1. **Eysenck PEN model** = psychotism (nonconformity), extraversion, neuroticism) -- now the **big 5 traits**
* 2. **Allport** = 3 types of traits --- cardinal (big, organize life around), central (major trait), secondary (personal, limtied)
* 3. **McClelland** = identified personality trait **"N-Ach"** = need for achievement
101
social cognitive theory of personality
reciprocal determinism where people shape environments based on personality, envrionment shapes thoughts/feelings/behaviours
**people learn by watching others, especially when others receive rewards/punishments**
102
behaviourist theory of personality
operant conditioning, behaviours one has LEARNED based on reward/punishment make up personality
103
biological theory of personality
behaviour a result of GENES, make up personality
104
schizophrenia
* delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behaviour
* disturbance of AFFECT (emotion) and AVOLITION (ability to do things)
* HIGH dopamine
105
major depressive disorder
* 1+ depressive episode (5+ symptoms, 2+weeks, impairs functioning)
* sadness + SIG E CAPS
106
persistent depressive disorder
* suffer from depressed mood NOT severe enough for MDD
* usually 2+ years
107
SAD
* MDD with seasonal onset in winter
* abnormal melatonin metabolism
108
bipolar I
* manic episodes
* might have MDE's
109
bipolar II
* hypomania (less severe than mania, doesn't impair functioning)
* at least ONE MDE
110
cyclothymic disorder
* bipolar disorder
* combination of hypomanic episodes + low mood (NOT MDE)
111
generalized anxiety disorder
persistent worry about a variety of things
112
specific phobia
irrational fear of something
113
social anxiety
anxiety in social situations
114
agoraphobia
fear of being in places that are hard to escape from
115
panic disorder
fear, sweating, hyperventilating, sense of unreality
116
OCD
obsessions (stress-inducing thoughts)
compulsions (repetitive tasks to reduce the stress)
117
body dysmorphic disorder
* type of OCD related disorder
* unrealistic + negative view of body
118
PTSD
* intrusion = flashback/nightmare
* avoidance = people, places
* negative cognitie = forget, distanced
* arousal = startle, anxiety, irritability
* **must have symptoms for at least one month, if less = acute stress disorder**
119
dissociative disorders
escape one's reality
dissociative amnesia, identity, derealization
120
dissociative amnesia
inability to recall past experiences, linked to trauma
121
dissociative identity disorder
2 or more personalities that take control of person's behaviour
severe physical/sexual abuse as a child
122
derealization disorder
detached from mind/body, out of body experiences
doesn't display psychotic symtpoms (delusion/hallucin.)
123
somtic symptom and related disorders
* somatic symptom = 1+ somatic symptom with disproportionate anxiety about its seriousness
* illness anxiety = consumed with thoughts of getting ill
* conversion = unexplained symptoms ex. blindness with no neurological impairment
124
personality disorder:
cluster A (cold/eccentric)
* paranoid = distrust
* schizotypal = odd/magical thinking
* schizoid = detached, low emotion, low social skills
125
personality disorder:
cluster B (erratic/drama)
* antisocial = no guilt/remorse for actions
* borderline = instability in mood+behaviour
* histrionic = attention seeking behaviour
* narcissistic
126
personality disorder:
cluster C (anxious/fearful)
* avoidant = shyness
* dependent = continous need
* OCPD = NOT OCD, perfectionist + inflexible, rules)
127
delusions
false beleifs NOT shared by others in the SAME CULTURE
* delusions of reference, persecution, grandeur
128
hallucinations
perceptions NOT due to external stimuli
129
disorganized behaviour
* can't do activities of daily living
* catatonia = rigid posture/bizarre movement
* echolalia = repeat others words
* echopraxia = imitate actions of others
130
disorganized thought
speech with no structure, word salad, shifts ideas
131
disturbance of affect
reduction in ability to display intensity/appropriateness of emotion
132
avolition
low engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions
133
prodromal phase
* BEFORE schizophrenia diagnosis
* clear deterioration, withdrawl, odd behaviour
134
SSRIs
block reuptake of serotonin by presynaptic neuron, increase serotonin levels
135
symptoms of depressive episode
* sadness + SIG E CAPS (need 5+ for MDE)
* sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor, suicidal
136
symptoms of manic episode
* DIG FAST -- need 3+!
* Distractible, Insomnia, Grandiosity, Flight of ideas, Agitation, Speech, Thoughtlessness (risk)
137
ego-syntonic VS ego-dystonic personality disorders
* syntonic = they percieve their behaviour as correct
* dystonic = see the illness as intrusive/bothersome
138
borderline personality disorder
* cluster B personality disorder
* instability in mood/behaviour/self image
* fear of abandonment
* splitting as strategy -- everyone good OR evil
* common in FEMALES
139
causes of schizophrenia
* hypoxemia at birth
* marijuana
* inherited genetics
* HIGH DOPAMINE -- treat with neuroleptics to block receptors (antipsychotics)
140
causes of alzheimer's
* presenilin gene (chr. 1 + 14)
* apolipoprotein (chr. 19)
* B-amyloid precursor gene (chr. 21) -- HIGH in Down's Syndrome
* atrophy of brain, flattened sulci, enlarged ventricles, low blood flow in PARIETAL lobe, low Ach, plaques, tau protein tangels
141
causes of parkinson's
* LOW dopamine in basal ganglia
* basal ganglia for start/stop motor movements, smoothing movements
* brady kinesia (slow), resting tremor, pill-rolling tremor, masklike fascies (emotionless), muscle tension, shuffling gait
* *depression + dementia COMMON*
142
michelangelo phenomenon
ideal self can be SCULPTED with help from others
143
social action
action/behaviour a person is conscious of and performing becuse others are around
*VS social interaction = action/behaviour of 2+ people*
144
Yerkes-Dodson law
* presence of others (arousal) enhances performance of SIMPLE tasks, HINDERS complex tasks
145
bystander effect
* when people don't help victims when others are around
* more likely to help if less people, not strangers, high severity, responsibility felt
* can be WORSENED when adding more moderators/securityi
146
social loafing
put in less effort in a group setting than individually
147
peer pressure
* social influence, can be + or -
* mechanism = identity shift effect = conform to norms of group
148
group polarization
tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the individual ideas
149
groupthink
* desire for harmony in a group results in incorrect/bad decisions
* alternative ideas not discussed
* type of conformity -- group conformity
* illusions of invulnerability, self-censorship, stereotyping
150
primary socialization
childhood
initially learn from caregivers acceptable actions/attitudes
151
secondary socialization
adolescents/adulthood
learn appropriate beahviour in smaller groups/settings (church, school)
152
labelling theory
* labels affect how they see tehmselves
* work to oppose label or embrace it
* focuses on how deviant behaviors in the past have long-term stigmatizing impacts on individuals
153
differential association theory
deviance learned through others
degree to which one is surrounded by ideas that support VS oppose norms
154
strain theory
deviance is natural reaction when structure of society cannot allow us to meet goals (american dream = theft)
155
conformity VS complience VS obedience
* conformity = matching beleifs/attitudes/behaviour to norms, can internalize or just identify
* compliance = changing behaviour based on a request from someone with no authority
* obedience = changing behaviour based on direct order from authority **more likely to obey than comply**
156
3 components of attitude (ABCs)
* affective = how a person feels about something
* behavioural = how a person acts towards something
* cognitive = how someone thinks bout something, used to justify A & B
157
functional attitudes theory
* attitudes serve 4 functions:
* 1. knowledge (predict behaviour)
* 2. ego expressive (self identity)
* 3. adaptive (learn to be accepted)
* 4. ego defensive (justify our wrong actions)
158
learning theory of attitudes
attitudes developed through types of learning
direct interaction, instruction from others, others' attitudes
classical/operant conditioning
159
elaboration likelihood model of attitudes
* continuum of people. based on how they process PERSUASIVE INFO
* **central route processing** = high elaboration, analyze content and meaning
* **peripheral route processing** = low elaboration, superficial details of persuasive info (slogans, logo)
160
social cognitive theory of attitudes
behavioural, personal, and environmental factors influence each other to create attitudes
161
3 types of statuses
1. ascribed = involuntaryily given
2. achieved = result of effort/choices
3. master = most identified by/most important
162
role conflict VS role strain
conflict = between roles
strain = within one role
163
as group size increases...
trade intimacy for stability
164
iron law of oligarchy
beurocratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group
165
Mcdonaldization
shift towards efficiency, predictability, calculability, control in societies
166
social contruction model of emotion
NO biological basis for emotions
emotion based on experiences/situation
167
display rules
culturally specific expectation of emotional display
168
impression management for self-presentation
1. authentic self = who we are
2. ideal self = who we want to be
3. tactical self = how we market ourselves based on others expectations
169
dramaturgical approach
* front stage = how we confrom to image we want seen by others
* back stage = not observed, acting freely
170
george mead = two part self theory
* "ME" = response to environemnt/expectations
* "I" = the creative expression of the individual
171
amygdala
* activated = aggression
* determines if something is a threat
* PREFRONTAL cortex can control amygdala and reduce aggression
* neoassociation model = more likely aggressive when feeling negative emotions already (hot, tired, stressed)
172
types of attachment
1. secure = consistent caregiver, upset when separated + comforted by return
2. avoidant = no response from caregiver, no response when separated/returned
3. ambivalent = caregiver is inconsistent, very distressed when separated + not comforted by return
4. disorganized = no clear pattern of beahviour = ABUSE
173
primacy vs recency effects on impression
primacy = 1st impression more important
recency = most recent info more important
174
halo effect
one's overall general impression (I like you) leads to bias in making specific judgements (you are a good mother)
175
just-world hypothesis
good things happen to good people
176
attribution theory
* tendency for individuals to **infer the causes of other people's behaviour**
* **dispositional (internal) = attribution that relate to the person
* situational (external) = attributions that relate to the surroundings**
* consistency cues = consistent behaviour over time
* consensus cues = if person's behaviour matches others
* distinctiveness cues = use similar behaviour in similar situations
177
4 types of stereotypes (warmth/competence)
1. paternalistic = H warmth/L comp (housewives, elderly)
2. admiration = H warmth/H comp (in group, allies, NOT competitive)
3. contemptuous = L warmth/L comp (welfare, poor, low status and COMPETITIVE)
4. envious = L warmth/H comp (COMPETITIVE, asians, rich people)
178
stereotype
**cognitive**
attitude/impressions
based on superficial info
179
prejudice
**affective**
irrational +/- atitude before an actuial experience/encounter
3 social factors = CLASS, POWER, PRESTIGE
*propaganda aims to create prejudice*
180
discrimination
**behavioural**
when prejudicial attitudes cause a geoup to be treated differently
181
functionalism
* society as a living organism
* manifest functions = actions intended to help
* latent functions = unintended +ve consequences
182
conflict theory
* how POWER differentials are created
* individuals compete in society over limited resources
* marxist theory
183
symbolic interactionism
how people interact through shared understanding of words, gestures, symbols
Symbolic interactionism is the view that an individual’s experiences influence his or her perceptions. Thus, an individual’s experience with race and class would influence how he or she perceives the images.
184
social constructionism
how people construct theor social reality
when society all agrees on the significance of something Eg. MONEY
185
rational choice theory
individual decision making to consider benefits/harms
VS. exchange theory = interactions in groups, behaviour rewarded
186
material culture VS symbolic culture
material = artifacts/objects
symbolic = associated with ideas/symbols
*symbolic culture is SLOWER to change* = culture lag
187
racial formation theory
racial identity is fluid + depends on current political/economic/social factors
188
malthusian theory
* how growth of population (developing) will outpace growth of food supply
* catastrophe = starvation occurs
189
Marxist theory
* have-nots (proleriatait)
* haves (bourgeoise)
* class consciousness leads to have nots aiming to overthrow haves
190
social mobility
* ability to move UP or DOWN in social class
* upward, downward, horizontal mobility (within a class)
* can be intragenerational (within one's lifetime) or intergenerational (parents-children)
191
second sickness
exacerbation of health outcomes caused by social injustice
192
subliminal perception
perception of stimulus below threshold of conscious perception arrives at CNS but does NOT reach higher order brain regions
193
signal detection theory
Focuses on changes in our perception of same stimuli depending on internal or external context, exploration of RESPONSE BIAS
- hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection
- catch trials = stimulus presented
- noise trials - signal not presented
194
duplicity theory of vision
Retina has 2 types of photo receptors
rods =light/dark, contain pigment rhodopsin, low detail, work best in DARK
cones = colour vision, more in centre, high acuity, sensitive in day
195
bipolar cells
connect with rods and cones, highlight the light gradient between adjacent rods/cones
196
ganglion cells
Where bipolar cells synapse to, group together into optic nerve
ONE ganglion cell - input from MANY rods/cones
197
amacrine and horizontal cells
input from multiple retinal cells from same area, highlight any differences between information in each bipolar cell, before input is passed to ganglion cells — important for EDGE DETECTIONS SINCE THEY INCREASE PERCEPTION OF CONTRASTS
198
visual pathways
L field perceived on right of eye, R field on L side of eye
nasal pathways cross, lateral stay lateral
Optic chiasm - where nerves become tracts
Info to LGN in thalamus and the visual cortex
199
optic pathway injuries
200
structure of ear
* external auditory canal, directs to tympanic membrane
* middle ear = 3 bones - malleus, incus, stapes
* stapes connected to oval window
* inner ear = fluid vibrations from bones
* inner ear - cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals
201
membranous and bony labyrinth
Membranous = K+ rich endolymph — suspended in bony
Bonds = perilymph — transmits VIBRATIONS to inner ear structures
202
cochlea
* spiral, divided into 3 scalar, organ of corti is middle and responsible for hearing
* rests on basilar membrane = flexible, hair cells in endolymph
* hair cells embedded in tectorial immobile membrane, convert physical stimulus to electrical signal - TRANSDUCTION
203
vestibule
LINEAR acceleration — utricle and saccule
Balancing apparatus, determine orientation in 3D space
modified hair cells covered with otoliths (resist accelerative motion)
204
semicircular canals
sensitive to ROTATIONAL acceleration
ampulla = swelling at end where hair cells are
uses endolymph instead of otoliths, resists rotational motion
205
auditory pathway
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
MGN of thalamus (vs vision in LGN)
206
olfactory system
* only system that does not pass through thalamus
* olfactory chemoreceptors in nasal cavity
* if bind chemical stimuli, receptor cells activated + send signal to OLFACTORY BULB
* signal pass though olfactory TRACT to brain
207
5 basic tastes
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami/savoury
208
image; top VS bottom processing
209
hypnosis
state where person appears to be in control of their normal functions but is highly suggestible state
210
meditation
quieting the mind, reduce stress
can resemble STAGE 1 SLEEP, decrease HR and BP
211
hallucinogens
LSD — Involves serotonin
distortions of reality/fantasy, enhance sensory, introspection, high BP/HR, pupil dilation, sweating, hyperthermia
212
summary chart; psychoactive drugs
213
dishabituation
recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred — eg. 2nd stimulus presented after habituation fully occurred, interrupts habituation process
creates new awareness of ORIGINAL stimuli, NOT NEW
214
shaping
operant conditioning
Rewarding increasingly specific behaviours
215
primary VS secondary reinforcer VS discriminative stimulus
primary = would respond to naturally
secondary/conditioned = would not normally cause a reinforcement
discriminative stimulus = indicates the reward is potentially available
Eg. dolphins — fish is the primary reinforcer, clicking sounds that accompany fish is the secondary reinforcer, trainer is discriminative stimulus
216
latent learning
learning that occurs without a reward
217
preparedness
predisposition to learn certain behaviours more easily since they are related to an animal's NATURAL TENDENCIES
218
instinctive drift
difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviours for conditioned behaviours
219
sensitization vs desensitization
sensitization = increased response to a stimulus over time (eg. sweater gets scratchier till unbearable)
desensitization = decreased response to previously sensitized stimulus over time
220
# lo
automatic vs effortful (controlled) processing
automatic = information gained without effort (temp, route taken)
controlled = active memorization that requires work
221
encoding
* visual encoding = weakest
* semantic (meaning)= strongest
* method of loci = associate with location along a route
* peg word = associate numbers to items that rhyme or resemble numbers
222
types of memory flow chart
223
serial position effect
retrieval cue that appears when learning lists
primacy effect = remember EARLY items (1st)
recency effect = remember later items (last)
**primacy is STRONGER and LAST LONGER**
think: 1st impressions are strongest
224
confabulation
gaps in memories that are filled -- eg. false memories
225
misinformation effect
recall of events/information infuenced by outside sources
226
**source monitoring error**
* confusion between semantic and episodic memory
* remember the details of an event, but confusde the context under which those details were gained
* eg. hear a story of something, and later recalls story as happening to themselves
227
availibility heuristic
how likely something is based on how easily similar instances can be imagined
**how easily something comes to memory**
eg. hear something in the news a lot, think it is likely
228
representativeness heuristic
**how well something matches mental prototype**
categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of the category
**may lead to base rate fallacy**
229
base rate fallacy
* associated with representativeness heuristic
* using prototypical factors while ignoring NUMERICAL information
230
schemas
* piaget -- frameworks for us to organize and interpret new information
* assimilation = describe new info based on our current schemas
* accomodation = how we adjust schemas to incorporate new info
231
schemas
* piaget -- frameworks for us to organize and interpret new information
* assimilation = describe new info based on our current schemas
* accomodation = how we adjust schemas to incorporate new info
232
7 universal emotions
* happy
* sad
* angry
* scared
* suprised
* disgusted
* contemptuous
* **ALL CULTURES show these with the SAME facial expression**
233
# c
intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
extrinsic = outside oneself, external forces (eg. rewards)
intrinsic = motivation within oneself, interest/enjoyment
234
instinct theory of motivation
peple driven to behaviours based on evolutionarily programmed instincts
derived from Darwin
235
arousal theory of motivation
* people do actionsd in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal
* LOW arousal better for HIGH cognitive tasks
* HIGH arousal for simple tasks (boring)
* HIGH arousal for activies needing physical endurance/stamina
* yerkes-dodson law = intermediate arousal for optimal performance
236
drive reduction theory of motivation
* drives = internal states of tension that encourage behaviour focused on fgoals
* drives create uncomfortable tension, creates motivation to eliminate this state
* primary and secondary drives
* **motivation = goal of eliminating uncomfortable states**
237
primary VS secondary drives
**primary** = motivates us to sustain bodily homeostasis
**secondary** = additional drives that are not directly related to biological processes, stem from learning or certain emotions
238
schemas
* piaget -- frameworks for us to organize and interpret new information
* assimilation = describe new info based on our current schemas
* accomodation = how we adjust schemas to incorporate new info
239
maslow's hierarchy of needs
* basic needs = physiologcial + safety
* psychological needs = belonging/love & esteem needs
* self-fulfilment needs = self-actualization
* **lower on pyramid = higher influence on motivation**
240
self-determination theory of motivation
* SDT is a needs based theory, emphasize 3 universal needs:
* 1. autonomy = in control of one's action/ideas
* 2. competence = excel at difficult tasks
* 3. relatedness = need to feel accepted/wanted
* need to meet all of these to develop healthy relationships with self/others
241
incentive theory of motivation
behaviour motivated by desire to get rewards and avoid punishment (NOT related to arousal or needs)
242
expectancy value theory of motivation
motivation needed to reach a goal depends on:
1. expectation of success
2. how much they value succeeding at the goal
243
primary process
ID's response to frustruation, obtain satisfaction now, not later
id can use wish fulfillment (mental imagery) through daydream/fantasy
244
central route processing
high elaboration, analyze content and meaning
244
peripheral route processing
do not elaborate, superficial details of persuasive info (slogans, logo)
245
freud's instincts
* eros = life instincts that promote quest for survival
* thanatos = death instincts, unconscious wish for death and destruction
246
freud's defense mechanisms
* how ego releives anxiety between clashing id and superego, they:
* 1. deny/distort/falsify reality
* 2. are UNCONSCIOUS
247
freud's instincts
* eros = life instincts that promote quest for survival
* thanatos = death instincts, unconscious wish for death and destruction
248
Defence Mechanisms
reaction formation = minimizing uncomfortable thoughts by thinking the opposite
249
# Jung
personal VS collective unconscious
personal unconscious = similar to Freud's unconscious
collective unconscious = powerful system shared among all humans, experiences from early ancestors -- images of common experiences = ARCHETYPES
250
psychotherapy
* idea that people have the freedom to control their own behaviour
* OPPOSED TO psychoanalysts (slave to unconscious) and behaviourists (individuals subject to faulty learning)
* ROGERS!! ideal self VS real self
251
types of therapy:
252
self-discrepancy theory
* each person has 3 versions of themselves
* actual self = our self-concept, how we see ourselves
* ideal self = who we want to be
* ought self = the way others think we should be
* **closer together = higher self esteem**
253
learned helplessness
losing all motivation to get out of a negative situation, model for clinical depression
when self efficacy is depresed beyond recovery
254
theory of mind
ability to sense how another's mind works
can recognize/react to how others think about us
become aware of judgements from outside world
255
looking-glass self
others reflecting our selves BACK to us
development of personality in relation to societal context
**how we are seen/treated by others affects how we see ourselves**
256
types of groups:
257
group conformity
individuals conform in an attempt to fit in and be accepted by group, show behaviour they normally wouldn't
258
group sizes
* dyad = intimate
* triad = most stable
* tetrad = lead stable (splits)
* larger groups = social processes (groupthink, etc) occur
259
cultural diffusion
spread of cultural beliefs from one group to another
**exchange between out groups**
eg. popularitry of sushi in USA
260
cultural transmission
passing of knowledge/values to the next generation
**between in-groups through education/socialization**
261
cultural relativism
no right or wrong cultural practices
allows for inclusivity of cultural differences
262
formal organization
* different from groups in many ways
* continue despite departure of a member
* expressed goals written, enforcement, control activites
* **hierarchal formal roles/duties to members**
263
bureaucracy
* rational system of policial organization, administration, discipline, and control
* Iron law of oligarchy
264
Allport - 3 types of traits
cardinal (big, organize life around)
central (major trait)
secondary (personal, limtied)
265
# Jung
personal VS collective unconscious
personal unconscious = similar to Freud's unconscious
collective unconscious = powerful system shared among all humans, experiences from early ancestors -- images of common experiences = ARCHETYPES
266
mere exposure / familiarity effect
people prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently
eg. being in proximity with someone makes you want to like them more
267
neo-association model
more likely aggressive when feeling negative emotions already (hot, tired, stressed)
267
foraging
* seeking out and eating food
* biological = hunger controlled by **hypothalamus** (LH, VMH), some genes play a role in hunger
* cognitive = spatial awareness, memory, decision making
* social influences too
267
mate bias
how choosy members are for a mate
evolutionary mechanism to increase fitness of species
1. direct benefits = material advantage, protection, support
2. indirect benefits = survival of offspring
267
empathy-altruism hypothesis
help another person when they feel empathy for the person, regardless of the personal cost
268
inclusive fitness
organism's success in a population
#of offspring, success of offspring, ability of offspring to support others
**promotes idea that altruism can improve fitness and success of species as a whole**
269
# attributional biases
self serving bias
view their success as based on internal factors, but failures based on external factors (out of control)
protects self-esteem
270
stereotype threat
anxious about confirming a negative stereotype
271
chart: population pyramids
272
dependency ratio
= #dependents (under 15, over 65) / #working x 100%
HIGH = WORSE
273
fertility rate
avg number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population -- need 2 to replace
274
mortality rate
#of deaths per 1000 people per year
275
demographic transition (5 stages)
276
globalization
* process of integrating economy with free trade and tapping foreign markets
* from improvements in technology and communication
* can be positive (more food) or negative (unemployment, rising prices, pollution)
277
# SUPER IMPORTANT TO MEMORIZE
Chart: Theoretical Approaches
278
manifest VS latent functions
* part of functionalism
* manifest function = action intended to help some part of system
* latent function = UNINTENDED positive consequence in other areas that comes from manifest function
278
class consciousness
organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition of a need for collective political action
| conflict theory
278
false consciousness
major BARRIER to **class consciousness**
misperception of one's actual position in society
| conflict theory
278
religion: modernization
reduced **importance** of religion as society industrializes
278
religion: secularization
reduced **POWER** of religion as involvement declines
279
religion: fundamentalism
**renewed commitment** to religion as a REACTION to **secularization**
280
suburbanization
* migration pattern of the MIDDLE CLASS to suburban communities
* suburbs cleaner, less crowded, low crime, good schools
* **urban centres usually have higher poor individuals**
281
caste VS class system
caste = social status given at birth, social groupings rigid, social mobility HARD
class = social status partially achieved through merit, social groupings flexible, social mobility is possible
282
meritocracy
* based on intellectual talent / achievement
* mastery of skills allows someone to advance up social ladder
* FEAR that meritocracy in USA is becoming **plutocracy = rule by upper class**
283
urban decay
previously functional part of a city deteriorates over time
**may be related to suburbanization**
284
urban renewal
* city land is reclaimed and renovated for public/private use
* **fuelled by gentrification**
285
gentrification
* related to urban renewal
* where upper/middle class buys up/renovates land in low SES/deteriorated areas
* **displaces low SES/poor populations**
286
world system theory
core nation = high skill, high paying production, exploiting peripheral nations (low skilled)
semi-peripheral nation = working to become core nation
287
self awareness
ability to recognize self as an individual seperate from the environment and others
288
protectionism
country REJECTING trade and isolating
**opposes globalization**
289
acute stressor
one that is prevalent for a short period of time
290
microstressor
small daily hassles
291
ambient stressors
chronic environmental stressors that cannot be changed (or percieved as unchangeable)
eg. economy, climate change, pollution
292
aversive conditioning
behavioural conditioning where bad stimuli are associated with undesireable behaviours.
Eg. administering a drug that causes extreme nausea after minimal drinking to reduce alcoholism
293
deindividuation
phenomenon where individual loses self-awareness in GROUPS **(conformity ≠ deindividuation)**
294
exchange mobility
number of people in society who are in each SES remains stable overall
295
homophily
tendency for others to bond with people similar to themselves
296
# attributional biases
fundamental attribution error
tendency to attribute another's actions to their character or personality, ignoring external factors
**attribute to DISPOSITIONAL (internal) rather than SITUATIONAL (external) factors**
297
# attributional biases
actor-observer bias
attribute someone elses behaviour to internal factors, but our own to external factors
eg. you cut yourself a break, but hold others 100% accountable for their actions
298
ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is a world view in which one’s own culture and traditions are seen as inherently superior to those of other people. It is propagated from one generation to the next through a variety of cultural channels, the first and most important of which is the family.
299
distress, eustress, neustress
* distress = negative stress that is bad for health
* eustress = positive type of stress that happens when you perceive a situation as challenging but motivating
* neustress = neutral type of stress, happens when you are exposed to something stressful, but it doesn’t actively or directly affect you
300
inductive vs deductive reasoning
inductive = bottom up, specific situation to determine broad principle
deductive = top down, apply broad principle to specific situation
301
cognitive dissonance
Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person’s attitudes, perceptions, or behaviors are inconsistent with one another.
Cognitive dissonance is the unpleasant feeling a person experiences when holding two contradictory beliefs at the same time.
It can be resolved in various ways in order to minimize perceptions of inconsistency.
302
hidden curriculum
Hidden curriculum describes the norms, values, and behaviors that are imparted in an educational program, even though they are not officially part of the curriculum.
Paragraph 3 describes beliefs and norms about unprofessional behavior (e.g., remaining quiet, obeying supervisors) that are often learned during medical school, but this culture that promotes unprofessional behavior is not an explicit part of any medical school curriculum.
303
2 persuasion techniques
1. foot in the door = get them to agree to small request first, then much larger one
2. door in the face = crazy big request first that they reject, followed by smaller one they'll accept
304
informational influence
Informational influence is an influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality, and can come into play when we are uncertain about information or what might be correct
305
# ```
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cognitive dissonance theory
Cognitive dissonance theory holds that people desire consistency between their thoughts, values, and actions, and seeks to explain the justifications people use for actions that do not align with their values and evoke cognitive dissonance. This would apply to instances of bystanders not intervening (an action), even though they think it’s right for others to intervene for them (a value).
306
norms
* rules that define acceptable and appropriate actions within a given group or community, thus guiding human behaviour
* formal = written, explicit, penalties
* informal = understood but implicit, not fined, not written
* informal = folkways, mores, taboos
* breaking a norm = deviance (use stigma or social pressure to combat)
307
folkways
* norms that govern everyday behaviour
* customs that we follow but aren't written down, informal
* less significance attached to them but that still influence everyday behavior
* **Breaking a folkway usually brings with it less severe consequences than breaking a more**
308
mores
* informal norms that carry major importance for society and, if broken, can result in severe social sanctions.
* moral norms, if you break them = IMMORAL
* often linked to religious stuff
309
laws
* actually defined as legal/illegal, FORMAL, written
310
taboos
* things that people find offensive and socially inappropriate if caught doing them
311
belief perserverance
* Belief perseverance refers to the tendency to maintain one’s beliefs, even in the face of evidence to the contrary
312
mental set
* framework used to try and solve a problem
313
approach/avoidance conflict types:
* approach/approach = both options are appealing
* approach / avoidance = one option appealing, one option negative
* avoidance/avoidance = both options are unappealing/negative
* double approach/avoidance = Double approach-avoidance conflicts consist of two options with both appealing and negative characteristics
314
asch's study of conformity
* In 1951, Solomon Asch conducted an experiment investigating the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could influence a person to conform.
* Asch used confederates who were instructed to give clearly incorrect answers regarding the lengths of various lines.
* He then measured the number of times each unknowing participant conformed to the majority view.
* Asch’s study included 7 confederates who gave the same (incorrect or correct) response in each trial. That is, a participant had to make a decision after hearing 7 incorrect or else after 7 correct responses from confederates.
* In the study in the passage, the number of participants instructed to conform with the minority view also varied across trials
315
kinship of affinity
* individuals related by CHOICE
* eg. husband and wife marry
* vs. related by blood
316
anomie
* society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness
* caused by heterogeneity, rapid changes, low income
* lack of attachment to social norms, breakdown in connection between individuals and community
317
nucleus accumbens
centre for reward sensitivity
involved in addiction
318
house money effect
people become more open to assuming risk because the new money is not treated as one's own
319
gambler's fallacy
mistaken belief that, if something happens more frequently than normal during some period, it will happen less frequently in the future, or vice versa
Eg. bet heads because the last 10 flips have been tails
320
prisoner's dilemma
psychological game theory that shows why two completely "rational" individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so
321
anomie theory
Anomie theory states that individuals who experience weakened social values are less likely to behave in ways that are helpful to that society
322
relative deprivation theory
Relative deprivation theory posits that individuals who perceive themselves as having fewer resources than others will often act in ways to obtain these resources.
323
freud's identity iceberg
324
normative organization
people join due to some shared ethical or ideal goal, not compensated with money
eg. volnteers
325
utilitarian organization
provide a financial benefit to its members
eg. companies
326
coercive organization
organization that members are forces to join
eg. prison
327
social reproduction
poverty tends to create poverty, and wealth creates wealth across generations
opposed to intergenerational mobility
perpetuation of inequalities through social systems
328
implicit vs explicit attitudes
explicit attitudes = ones that you are consciously aware of
implicit = unconscious
329
cognitive schema
internal working model that sets expectations about self and others
Schemas are knowledge structures that determine one's expectations in different contexts, including social interactions
330
weber's characteristics of ideal bureaucracy
* specialization in limited number of tasks
* employment based on technical qualifications
* decisions based on hierarchy, not needing consensus
* evaluation of performance based on standardized rules/procedures
* impersonality, efficiency, rationality
* **overall: hierarchy, salaried careers, technical qualification, written rules**
331
cultural assimilation
* Assimilation is a social dynamic where a culture becomes indistinguishable from the majority culture
* eg. immigrant group expressing the cultural values of a new country indicates the adoption of the values of the host country.
* vs cultural diffusion which is MUTUAL exchange between out groups
332
social facilitation
* performing better when in the presence of others/audience
* opposite to social inhibition
333
perceptual constancy
* tendency to experience a stable perception even as the sensory input itself is changing
* perceive an object that you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite any changes in stimuli that occur
* eg. opening a door its changing, but you know its still a door
334
social comparison
when people compare themselves (favourably or unfavourably) to others
can impact self esteem
335
social strain theory
describes how people react to social constraints to achieving goals
336
disengagement theory
describes how older people disengage from society
337
scapegoating
* assigning blame to an identifiable source, often when the real cause is abstract, such as globalization
* scapegoating captures the assignment of blame to a group that is not responsible for the situation of the individual described in the question.
* eg. woman loses her job to someone in Mexico, now hates all of Mexico and assumes everyone there is taking jobs
338
characteristics of modern economic systems
* division of labour
* occupation specialization
* structural interdependence
339
normative social influence
* individuals acting in ways that comply with the norms of their social groups
* conforms in order to be ACCEPTED by their group
340
operational definition
* how an abstract concept as a variable is observed through different measurements.
* The use of different measures, such as the frequency of attending religious rituals, is to operationalize the abstract concept of religiosity
341
social stratification
Social stratification refers to the objective social hierarchy in a society (according to social group characteristics)
342
dual coding effect
Dual-coding refers to the retrieval advantage of verbal items that are imageable.
visual + verbal
343
state dependency effect
benefit of a match between the conditions (in particular, the subject's mental and emotional state) under which information is encoded into memory and the conditions present when the subject attempts to retrieve that information.
344
spreading activation theory
Spreading activation suggests that, when the representation of a concept is activated in memory, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it
345
linguistic relativity
structure of language affects its perception
language determines thought
eg. classic colour study, if a culture has many words for different shades of "green" they can percieve these colours more
346
# vision:
stereopsis
accomodation
convergence
steopsis = using both eyes to percieve depth
accomodation = eye changesw refractive power (shape of lens) to focus objects at dif distances
convergence = eyes rotate inward so line of sight intersects in front of eyes
347
biofeedback
gaining awareness of physiological functions with a goal of trying to manipulate them. eg. yoga and "calming breathing", guided meditations
348
priming
previous experiences influences interpretation of event
eg. professor shows bowl of fruit at beginning of class, then at end asks students to write words that start with "B" -- more likely to write "Banana" etc.
349
catharsis theory
Freud
expressing negative/aggressive emotions can be a healthy way to reduce these feelings and experience equilirium
350
rod monochromatism
cone cells are absent/nonfunctional
complete colour blindness
greyscale vision
351
# ****
generations
Baby boomers- 1946-1964- post ww2 generation, hard-working, long hours
Generation X- 1965-1981- "work to live" mentality, value work life balance
Generation Y- 1982-1997- millenials
Generation Z- 1998-present- grew up with technology
352
ecological fallacy
formal fallacy in the interpretation of statistical data that occurs when inferences about the nature of individuals are deduced from inferences about the group to which those individuals belong
**attributing the characteristics of a POPULATION to an INDIVIDUAL**
353
thoerndikes law of effect
behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated, while behavior that is punished tends to decrease.
This law is foundational in the study of operant conditioning
354
emotional intelligence
ability to percieve, assess, and manage the emotions of ourselves, others, and groups
355
thomas theorem
outcome of a situation depends on how it is interpreted
"if we define a situation as real, then they are real in their consequences"
356
reproductive memory
* idealized, not realistic
* where we can recall info exactly the way it occured, high fidelity
357
eidetic memory
photographic memory
358
dichotic listening task
present 2 different stimuli to each ear (same time) and ask them to repeat what they heard
measures selective attention (which ear they heard)
359
social epidemiology
studying how social factors (race, class) determine distribution of disease
**eg. studying determinants of health**
360
