Chemistry Flashcards
charge on PROTON or ELECTRON
1.6 x 10^-19 C
rutherford
dense +ve nucleus
bohr
single e- in H atom
heisenberg
cannot know both momentum AND position of an electron simultaneously
hund’s rule
e- fill empty orbitals to stay UNPAIRED before doubling up
paili exclusion
each e- has set of 4 distinct quantum numbers
quantum numbers
n = energy level – MAX e- per energy level = 2n^2
l = angular momentum (s=0, p=1, d=2, f=3)
ml = magnetic quantum (-l to +l)
ms = spin
periodic table trends: RIGHT
- decreasing atomic radius
- increasing EN
- increasing IE
- increasing electron affinity
periodic table trends: UP
- decreasing atomic radius
- increasing EN
- increasing IE
- increasing electron affinity
highest - lowest EN atoms:
F O N Cl Br I S C H
3 exceptions to octet
- incomplete octet
- expanded octet, period 3+, d orbitals
- odd # of electrons, eg. NO has 7, can’t distribute evenly
ionic, polar covalent, nonpolar covalent
ionic = EN > 1.7 – crystal lattice, electrostatics
polar covalent = 0.5 < EN < 1.7
nonpolar covalent = EN < 0.5
formal charge
FC = (valence e-) - (nonbonding e-) - (0.5 x bonding e-)
vs oxidation assumes more EN atom gets ALL e- in bond
electronic geometry vs molecular geometry
electronic = spatial arrangement of all e-s (lone + bonds)
molecular geometry = spatial arrangement based on coordination # only (ignores lone pairs)
basic molecular goemetry for coordination #
2 = linear
3 = trigonal planar (bent)
4 = tetrahedral (trigonal pyramidal, bent)
5 = trigonal bipyramidal (sawhorse, T, linear)
6 = octahedral (square pyramidal, square planar, T, linear)
percent yield
% yield = actual/theoretical x100%
avogadros number
6.02 x 10^23 molecules/mol
normality
concentration
refrence to # of protons (3N = 3 protons)
Molarity = Normality/n
1N HCl = 1M. VS. 1N H2SO4 = 0.5M
combination reactions
A + B = C
decomposition reactions
C = A + B
combustion reactions
CxHy + O2 = CO2 + H2O
single displacement reactions
REDOX
A + BC = AC + B
double displacement reactions
eg. neutralization
AB + CD = AD + BC (or: acid + base = salt + H2O)
how many litres is 1 mol of gas at STP
22.4L