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IGCSE 2023 > Physics > Flashcards

Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Equation for acceleration (m/s2)

A

Acceleration = change of speed/time

a = Δs / t

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2
Q

What does Impulse (kgm/s or Ns) equal to?

A

Change in momentum (kgm/s)

Ft = mv - mu

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3
Q

Equation for Moment (Nm)

A

Force (N) x perpendicular distance from pivot (m)

M = F x d

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4
Q

Equation for Power (W)

A

work done (energy) (J) / time (s)

P = ΔE / t

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5
Q

Equation for pressure (solid) (Pa)

A

Force (N) / area (m2)

P = F / A

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6
Q

Equation for energy (J) (specific heat capacity)?

A

Specific heat capacity (J/(kg °C)) x temperature change (°C) x mass (kg)

E = m x c x ΔT

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7
Q

Equation for force (N)

A

Mass (kg) x acceleration (m/s2)

F = m x a

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8
Q

Equation for momentum (kgm/s)

A

mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)

P = m x v

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9
Q

Equation for velocity of waves (m/s)

A

Wavelength (m) x frequency (Hz)

c = λ x f

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10
Q

Equation for kinetic energy (J)

A

1/2 x mass (kg) x velocity2 (m/s)

K.E. = 1/2 m v2

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11
Q

What is meant by the principle of conservation of energy?

A

Energy can’t be created or destroyed. It can only be transferred.

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12
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

Nuclei (plural of nucleus) come together to join and make a new element.

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13
Q

What is nuclear fision?

A

Nuclei (plural of nucleus) split to form two or more new elements.

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14
Q

What is diffraction?

A

Diffraction is the bending of waves around a corner.

Waves with a low frequency bend more.

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15
Q

The equation for Power (W) (electrical circuits)

A

Current (A) x voltage (V)

P = I x V

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16
Q

Equation for Voltage (V) (through resistance)?

A

Current (A) x resistance (Ω)

V = I x R

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17
Q

Equation for Charge (Q)?

A

Q (Coulombs) = I (Current) x t (Time)

Q = I x t

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18
Q

What is Fleming’s left-hand rule?

A

Thumb is force
The first finger is the magnetic field
The second finger is current

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19
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A

Where the vibrations of the wave are perpendicular to the direction of the wave.

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20
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

It’s where the vibrations are parallel to the direction of the waves.

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21
Q

What is thermal capacity?

A

The energy required to increase the temperature by 1 degree

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22
Q

What is a commutator?

A

Reverses the direction of the current in the motor coil every half-turn

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23
Q

Equation for average speed (m/s)?

A

Distance (m) / time (s)

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24
Q

Equation for average velocity (m/s)?

A

Displacement (m) / time (s)

v = s / t

25
Q

Equation for period of a pendulum (s)?

A

total time (s) / number of swings

T = t / number

26
Q

Equation for weight (N)?

A

mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (m/s2)

F = m x g

27
Q

Equation for density (kg/m3)?

A

mass (kg) / volume (m3)

p = m / v

28
Q

Equation for Hooke’s law (Force of spring constant)?

A

constant (N/m) x extension (m)

F = kx

29
Q

Equation for fluid pressure (Pa)?

A

Density (kg/m3) x gravitational field strength (m/s2 or N/kg) x height (m)

P = p x g x h

30
Q

Equation for Work done (J)?

A

Force (N) x distance moved (m)

ΔE = F x d

31
Q

Equation for Gravitational potential energy (J)?

A

mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (m/s2 or N/kg) x height (m)

32
Q

Equation for efficiency (%) (for power)?

A

Useful power output (W) / total power input (W) x 100

Efficiency = P-out / P-in

33
Q

Equation for efficiency (%) (for energy)?

A

Useful energy output (J) / total energy input (J) x 100

Efficiency = E-out / E-in

34
Q

What does Sum of clockwise moments (Nm) equal to?

A

Sum of anticlockwise moments (Nm)

F1 x d1 = F2 x d2

35
Q

Equation for Force (N) (through momentum)?

A

Change in momentum (kgm/s) / time (s)

F = Δp / t

36
Q

Equation for Centripetal Force (N)?

A

Mass (kg) x velocity2 (m/s) / radius (m)

37
Q

Equation for Orbital Period (s)?

A

2 x π x radius (m) / velocity (m/s)

38
Q

Equation for Boyle’s Law?

A

(for changes in gas pressure at constant temperature)

pressure1 (Pa) × volume1 (m3) = pressure2 (Pa)× volume2 (m3)
or
pressure (Pa) × volume (m3) = constant

P1 x V1 = P2V2
or
P x V = constant

39
Q

Equation for Thermal capacity (J/C)?

A

Mass (kg) x specific heat capacity (J/(kg °C))

C = m x c

40
Q

Equation for Energy transferred (J) (specific latent heat)?

A

Mass (kg) x specific latent heat (J/kg)

E = m x c

41
Q

Equation for Expansion (m) (thermal)?

A

Linear expansivity (1/C) x original length (m) x temperature rise (C)

Expansion = αlΔT

42
Q

Equation for Current (A)?

A

Charge (C) / time (s)

I = Q / t

43
Q

Equation for Voltage (V) (through charge)?

A

Energy transferred (J) / charge (C)

V = E / Q

44
Q

Equation for Power (W) (through resistance)?

A

Current2 (A) x resistance (Ω)

P = I2 x R

45
Q

Equation for Energy transferred (J) (electricity)?

A

Current (A) x voltage (V) x time (s)

ΔE = I x V x t

46
Q

Equation for Energy transferred (J) (through power)?

A

power (W) x time (s)

ΔE = P x t

47
Q

How to get the sum of individual resistors (in series)?

A

Resistors in series: Total Resistance (Ω) = sum of individual resistors (Ω)

R-total = R1 + R2 + R3 + …Rn

48
Q

How to get the sum of individual resistors (in parallel)?

A

Resistors in parallel: 1 / total resistance (Ω) = 1 / sum of individual resistors (Ω)

1/R-total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + …1/Rn

49
Q

Equation for Resistance (Ω)?

A

Resistivity (Ωm) x length (m) / area (m2)

R = ρ x l / A

Note: since wires have a circular cross-section, area = π × radius2

50
Q

Equation for Transformers (with turns)?

A

Voltage in secondary coil (V) / voltage in primary coil (V) = turns on secondary coil / turns on primary coil

Vs / Vp = Ns / Np

51
Q

Equation for Transformers (with current)?

A

Voltage in secondary coil (V) / voltage in primary coil (V) = current in secondary coil / current in primary coil

Vs / Vp = Is / Ip

52
Q

Equation for Frequency (Hz)?

A

1 / Period (s)

F = 1 / T

53
Q

Equation for Refractive index (using angles)?

A

Sine of the angle of incidence (i) / sine of angle of refraction (r)

n = sin (i) / sin (r)

54
Q

Equation for Refractive index (using speed)?

A

speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in material

n = C (v) / C (m)

55
Q

Equation for Refractive index (using critical angle)?

A

1 / sine of critical angle

n = 1 / sin (c)

56
Q

Equation of Radioactive alpha decay?

A

(A / Z) Element -> (A - 4 / Z - 2) New Element + (4 / 2) He

Symbol: α

57
Q

Equation of Radioactive beta decay?

A

(A / Z) Element -> (A / Z + 1) New Element + (0 / -1) e

Symbol: β

58
Q

Equation of Radioactive gamma decay?

A

(A / Z) Element -> (A / Z) New Element + γ

Symbol: γ

59
Q

Equation for Energy (J) (Nuclear)?

A

Mass defect (kg) x speed of light2 (m/s)

E = m x c2

IGCSE 2023 (6 decks)

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