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IGCSE 2023 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the contact process?

A

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2 SO3(g)

Temperature: 450 C
Pressure: 1 atm
Catalyst: Vanadium (V) oxide

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2
Q

Acid-base indicators

A

Methyl orange (orange in acid, yellow in base) - for strong acids
Phenolphthalein (PHP indicator) (colorless in acid, pink in base)
Litmus paper(red in acid, blue in alkaline)

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3
Q

Define an Acid

A

Proton donor

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4
Q

Define the term Strong acid

A

It is an acid fully dissociated in aqueous solution

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5
Q

Define a saturated solution

A

A solution which cannot hold any more solutes

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6
Q

What is the term for the electrons in the outer shell

A

Valence electrons

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7
Q

What is the atomic number

A

The number of protons which is also the number of electrons

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8
Q

What is the mass number

A

The number of protons + number of neutrons

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9
Q

Effects of impurities on the boiling and melting point of substances

A

melting point decreases, boiling point increases

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10
Q

How can we extract zinc blende

A

Step one: roasting zinc blende in air to get zinc oxide

Step two: Heat zinc oxide with carbon

Step three: Vaporize the zinc

Step four: Condense zinc vapour

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11
Q

Compositions of alloys

A

Brass = zinc & copper
Steel = Iron & Carbon
Bronze = Copper & Tin

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12
Q

What are the properties of transition metals

A

Can be used as a catalyst
Form different coloured compounds
Have variable oxidation states (different charges)

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13
Q

Test for water

A

Anhydrous copper sulphate turns from white to blue in the presence of water.

Anhydrous cobalt chloride turns blue to pink in the presence of water.

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14
Q

What affects rate of reactions

A

Change: temperature, concentration, surface area
Using a catalyst

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15
Q

How to calculate the concentration of liquids

A

Concentration = mol/volume

If volume is in cm2, divide by 1000 to get dm2

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16
Q

How to calculate the moles of gasses?

A

Volume/24 = moles

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17
Q

Which elements are diatomic (come in 2)

A

hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I)

Also, phosphorus (P) (always) = 4
Sulfur (S) (always) = 8

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18
Q

Boiling vs Evaporation

A

Boiling happens at a specific temperature, but evaporation occurs at various temperatures.

Boiling happens throughout the liquid, evaporation happens only at the surface.

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19
Q

Words to describe states of matter

A

Touching, spread apart, regular, irregular, vibrating

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20
Q

What are the flame tests (like flame color of lithium and so on)

A

Lithium: red
Potassium: lilac
Sodium: yellow
Calcium: orange
Copper: green

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21
Q

How do we test for the anion Carbonate
(CO3)-2?

A

Test:
Add dilute acid and test the gas released.

Result:
Effervescence (fizzy), gas produced is CO2 which turns Limewater milky

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22
Q

What are nucleons?

A

They are all the particles in the nucleus (protons + neutrons)

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23
Q

Anode

A

Positive electrode

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24
Q

Cathode

A

Negative electrode

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25
Q

Thermal decomposition

A

It’s the breaking down of the compound using heat

Metal Carbonate compounds break down into metal oxides and carbon dioxide

Nitrate gives of oxygen

(Group one metal carbonates do not undergo thermal decomposition)

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26
Q

What is the ion (SO4) -2?

A

sulfate

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27
Q

What is the equation for mole?

A

Mole = mass/Mr

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28
Q

Are oxides basic or acidic?

A

Metal oxides are basic.

Non metal oxides are acidic

29
Q

Names of groups of elements:

A

Group 1: Alkali metals
Group 2: Alkali earth metals
Between Group 3 and Group 4: Transition metals
Group 7: Halogens (Halide)
Group 8/0: Noble gasses

30
Q

What is sublimation?

A

It is when an element or a compound becomes a gas from a solid without becoming a liquid first

31
Q

What is the Haber process?

A

Ammonia is manufactured using The Haber process:

The Haber process involves obtaining hydrogen and nitrogen, compressing them to 200 atmospheres, and then reacting them over a catalytic iron bed at 450 °C to form ammonia. Unreacted gases and product ammonia are then separated and recycled.

2N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

32
Q

What is the Hydrogen gas test?

A

Hydrogen: pop with a lighted splint

33
Q

What is the Oxygen gas test?

A

Oxygen: relight an glowing splint

34
Q

What is the Carbon Dioxide gas test?

A

Carbon Dioxide: turns limewater milky

35
Q

What is the Chlorine gas test?

A

Chlorine gas: turns damp (wet) litmus, bleaches it

36
Q

What is the Ammonia gas test?

A

Ammonia gas: turns red damp litmus paper blue

37
Q

What is the Sulfur dioxide gas test?

A

Sulfur Dioxide gas: added to acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VII), turns from purple to colourless

38
Q

Which salts are soluble?

A

Sodium, potassium and ammonium

All nitrates

All chlorides except silver and lead

All sulfates except lead, barium and calcium

All carbonates and hydroxides except sodium, potassium and ammonium

39
Q

How do we test for the anion Chloride (Cl-)?

A

Test:
Acidify with dilute nitric acid and add c silver nitrate

Result:
White precipitate formed

40
Q

How do we test for the anion Bromide
(Br-)?

A

Test:
Acidify with dilute nitric acid and add aqueous silver nitrate

Result:
Cream precipitate formed

41
Q

How do we test for the anion Iodide (I-)?

A

Test:
Acidify with dilute nitric acid and add aqueous silver nitrate

Result:
Yellow precipitate formed

42
Q

How do we test for the anion Nitrate (NO3)?

A

Test:
Add aqueous NaOH and aluminium foil, warm gently and test the gas released

Result:
Gas given off is ammonia, has a pungent smell and turns moist red litmus paper blue

43
Q

How do we test for the anion Sulfate (SO4-2)?

A

Test:
Acidify with dilute nitric acid and add aqueous barium nitrate

Result:
White precipitate formed

44
Q

How do we test for the anion Sulfite (SO3-2)?

A

Test:
Add dilute acid, warm gently and test the gas released

Result:
Gas decolourises purple acidified aqueous potassium manganate(VIl) solution

45
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond forms when two non-metal atoms share a pair of electrons .

46
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The metal atoms become positive ions and the non-metal atoms become negative ions. There is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between these oppositely charged ions.

47
Q

What is a metallic bond?

A

Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons.

48
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance made of only one type of atom

49
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made up of atoms of at least two different elements chemically joined together

50
Q

What is a saturated carbon compound?

A

When all the bonds are single bonds

51
Q

What is an unsaturated carbon compound?

A

When they have one or two double bonds

52
Q

What is the test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Bromine water turns from brown to colourless

53
Q

What is the ion (CO3) -2?

A

carbonate

54
Q

What is the ion (NO3) -1?

A

nitrate

55
Q

What is the ion (PO4) -3?

A

phosphate

56
Q

What is the ion (OH) -1?

A

hydroxide

57
Q

What is the ion (NH) +1?

A

ammonium

58
Q

What are the effects of adding NaOH to Aluminium (Al)+3?

A

White precipitate

Dissolves in excess NaOH to form a colourless solution

59
Q

What are the effects of adding Ammonia solution to Aluminium (Al)+3?

A

White precipitate,

Insoluble in excess Ammonia

White precipitate remains

60
Q

What are the effects of adding NaOH to Ammonium (NH)+4?

A

Ammonia produced if warmed

61
Q

What are the effects of adding Ammonia solution to Ammonium (NH)+4?

A

No change

62
Q

What are the effects of adding NaOH to Calcium (Ca)+2?

A

White precipitate,

Insoluble so remains in excess NaOH

63
Q

What are the effects of adding Ammonia solution to Calcium (Ca)+2?

A

Very faintly visible white precipitate

64
Q

What are the effects of adding NaOH to Chromium (III) (Cr)+3?

A

Green precipitate which forms a green solution in excess

65
Q

What are the effects of adding Ammonia solution to Chromium (III) (Cr)+3?

A

Grey-Green precipitate, insoluble in excess

66
Q

What are isotopes?

A

They are atoms from the same element (same number of protons) but with a different number of neutrons.

67
Q

What is an ionic lattice?

A

It is made out of positive and negative ions which are arranged in a regular pattern.

68
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

It is a liquid or solution that contains ions.

69
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

It is when the forward reaction is going at the same rate as the backwards reaction and therefore, the concentration remains the same at both sides.

IGCSE 2023 (6 decks)

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