Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IGCSE 2023 > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

cells with a nucleus

Kingdoms:
protoctists,
fungi,
plants,
animals,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

cells without a nucleus

example:
bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What organelles do animals have?

A

Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What organelles do plants have?

A

Cell Membrane
Chloroplast
Cell Wall (Made From Cellulose)
Ribosomes on Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Permanent Vacuole
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What organelles do fungi have?

A

Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Cell wall (Containing Chitin rather than cellulose)
Mitochondrion Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What organelles do bacteria have?

A

Cell Membrane
Cell wall made from Peptidoglycan
Cytoplasm
Circular loop of DNA
Plasmid
Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the cell membrane’s function?

A

It controls what substances enter and leaves the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the test for sugar?

A

warm with Benedict’s solution and the result:

the solution turns from blue to brick red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Add Iodine solution, result:

The solution goes from brown to blue-black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

Add Biuret solution, result:

The solution goes from blue to purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the test for lipids (fats)?

A

Add alcohol and shake, result:

Solution turns milky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does an enzyme work?

A

The active site of an enzyme is complementary to an area on the substrate. This area on the substrate can fit into it to form an enzyme-substrate complex. A product is released.

An enzyme works best at its optimum temperature, pH and concentration.

If an enzyme’s environment is too hot, it will denature. This causes the active site to lose its shape and, therefore, the enzyme to stop functioning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define the term species

A

Species are organisms that reproduce to produce a fertile offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Unique features specific to mammals

A

Mammary glands, diaphragm, bones in the middle ear, sweat glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How to focus on a distant object (eye)

A

Lens needs to be flatter; therefore, ciliary muscles relax, and suspensory ligaments pull on the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How to focus on a nearby object (eye)

A

Lens needs to be more round; therefore, ciliary muscles contract and suspensory ligaments loosen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the eye do in bright light?

A

Circular muscles in the Iris contract and radial muscles relax; therefore, the pupil constricts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the eye do in dim light?

A

Circular muscles in the Iris relax, and radial muscles contract; therefore, the pupil dilates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is accommodation

A

Structures on the eye change the shape of the lens so that the eye can focus on near and distant objects.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are antagonistic muscles?

A

In an antagonistic muscle pair, when one contracts, the other must relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS)

A

Includes the brain, the spine and relay neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

It contain the sensory and motor nureons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is plasmid?

A

A ring of DNA found in bacteria.

24
Q

What is the name of the plant growth hormone?

A

Auxin

25
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

It’s the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

26
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to a place of low concentration.

27
Q

What is Active transport?

A

The movement of particles against a concentration gradient using the energy released during respiration.

28
Q

Protein digestion (break down of food molecule)

A

Proteins are digested by protease to make amino acids.

Function: Growth and repair, making hormones/enzymes

29
Q

Carbohydrates (starch) digestion (break down of food molecule)

A

Carbohydrates (starch) are digested by amylase to make glucose.

Function: Growth and repair, making hormones/enzymes

30
Q

Lipid digestion (break down of food molecule)

A

Lipids are broken down by lipase to make glycerol and fatty acids.

Function: energy storage, thermal insulator, making hormones, absorbing vitamins

31
Q

What is bile?

A

It’s a fluid made in the liver stored in the goal bladder and released into the small intestine.

It helps emulsify lipids and lipase, and it neutralises stomach acids.

32
Q

What is the xylem?

A

It’s the plant tissue that transports water and minerals.

33
Q

What is the phloem?

A

It’s a plant tissue that transports sugars (sucrose) around the plant.

34
Q

What is nitrification?

A

In the process, ammonium is transformed into nitrate ions by bacteria.

35
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

It is the process by which nitrogen in the air is fixated in the soil.

Usually, it happens due to lightning strikes.

36
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a section of DNA that codes for an organism’s characteristic

Eg. eye colour

37
Q

What is an allele?

A

It is a version of a gene

Eg. blue eye

38
Q

What is a heterozygous genotype?

A

When the genotype has two different alleles

Eg. Tt

39
Q

What is a homozygous genotype?

A

When the genotype has two similar alleles

Eg. TT or tt

40
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

A recessive allele that can only be expressed if two of them are present in the genotype

41
Q

What is the transpiration pool?

A

It is when water diffuses out of the leaves to lower the water concentration so that more water can be absorbed by the root hair cells by osmosis.

42
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The process of maintaining constant internal body conditions is know as homeostasis.

43
Q

What types of white blood cells are there?

A

Lymphocytes: recognise antigens on the surface of pathogens and release the corresponding antibodies.

Phagocytes: digest pathogens by phagocytosis.

44
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules on the surface of pathogens that can be recognised by white blood cells.

45
Q

What are antibodies?

A

They are proteins produced by lymphocytes produced and released to attach themselves to specific antigens.

46
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Engulfing and digesting pathogens.

47
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells that produce a chemical that produces an enzyme that transforms fibrinogen into fibrin.

48
Q

What is Fibrin?

A

Traps red blood cells to form a clot.

49
Q

What is a sex-linked characteristic?

A

It’s a characteristic of a gene located on the X or Y chromosome and, therefore, more common in males.

50
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

It is when nitrogen from the air is introduced into the soil as nitrate ions either by lightning or by nitrogen-fixating bacteria

51
Q

What is deamination?

A

It is the decomposition of plant and animal proteins into ammonium by microorganisms.

52
Q

What is nitrification?

A

It is the transformation of ammonium into nitrates by the nitrifying bacteria.

53
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

It is a cell with only one set of chromosomes or half of the genetic material.

54
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

It’s a cell with a full set of chromosomes.

55
Q

What is a zygote?

A

It is a diploid cell made by fusing two haploid cells.

IGCSE 2023 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions