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physical science > Physical science test 1 > Flashcards

Physical science test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

6 most common hemical elements in the earths crust

A
  1. oxygen
  2. silicon
  3. Aluminum
  4. Iron
  5. calcium
  6. sodium
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2
Q

what percentage of the earths crust does oxygen make up?

A

50%

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3
Q

what percentage of the earths crust does silicon make up?

A

25%

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4
Q

what percentage of the earths crust does Aluminum make up?

A

8%

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5
Q

what percentage of the earths crust does Iron make up?

A

5%

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6
Q

what percentage of the earths crust does calcium make up?

A

4%

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7
Q

what percentage of the earths crust does sodium make up?

A

3%

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8
Q

7 most common minerals in the earths crust

A
  1. quartz
  2. calcite [limestone/ marble]
  3. feldspar
  4. mica
  5. clay [kaolin]
  6. ferromanesium
  7. hematite [iron rust]
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9
Q

MOH’s hardness scale

A

2

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10
Q

what does the rock cycle show

A

how one rock can be changed into another type

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11
Q

rock cycle

A

see card

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12
Q

bowens reaction series shows what?

A

how igneous rock are formed from molten rock

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13
Q

igneous [fire formed]

A

2

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14
Q

sedimentary [settled]

A

2

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15
Q

metamorphic [changed]

A

2

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16
Q

mineral

A

naturally occuring, solid, inorganic, chemical element or compound

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17
Q

rock

A

mixture of one or more minerals

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18
Q

focus

A

where earthquake occurs

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19
Q

cause of earthquake

A

over long periods pressure builds at a crust fault as it tries to move. when the strength of water saturated rocks is exceeded the rocks slip or they break and then rebound sending out S.P.I. and R shock waves.

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20
Q

plate tactonics theory

A

rigid lithosphere plates move on top of plastic athenosphere diven by athenosphere riven by heat conviction currents.

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21
Q

the plate tactonics theory is supported by

A
  1. jigsaw continent fit
  2. global positioning
  3. satellite measurements
  4. plots of the locations of volcanos and quakes which give the outlines of plates
22
Q

primary wave is fastests at about how many miles a second ?

A

about 4 mi/sec

23
Q

secondary wave goes how fast

A

about 2 mi/sec

24
Q

in what direction does the primary wave vibrate?

A

in travel direction

25
Q

in what direction does the secondary wave vibrate?

A

at right angles to the direction of travel

26
Q

what do the primary and secondary waves go through?

A

Earth

27
Q

what does damage depend upon?

A
  1. length of time quaking,
  2. power of quake shake,
  3. location near poopulation centers
  4. soil type
28
Q

which type of soil is more dangerous silty, fine textured soil or rocky clay-like soils

A

silty, fine textured soil is much more dangerous than rocky and clay-like soils

29
Q

plate motion subduction explains what?

A
  1. volcanos
  2. all of the motions (subduction, strike slip, moving apart)
  3. earthquakes
  4. fault block mountains
30
Q

the great size of the plates explains what?

A

long thin belts of moutains

31
Q

mountain building process

A
  1. volcano
  2. folding
  3. fault-block thrust
32
Q

Fossil is evidence of past life

A
  1. part of actual organism- bone, shel, ect.
  2. cast mold of organism part-impression of shell, bone, ect.
  3. Evidence past activity-footprint, wormhole, ect.waspnest
33
Q

physical weathering

A

is breaking and moving by force and friction

34
Q

chemical weathering

A

is producing a less durable new substance

35
Q

water table

A

is level below which the pores in the soil and rocks are filled/saturated with water

36
Q

some methods of dating

A
  1. concentrations of radioactive isotopes and their products in rocks or wood
  2. index fossil in rock. An index fossil lived and became extinct during a time period established by radioactive dating
  3. named rock layer, for example jurrassic, whose age has been previosly determined by radioactivity
37
Q

The age of the universe is determined using

A
  1. the big bang theory
  2. red shift of most distant star galaxy cluster
  3. hubble constant
38
Q

age of earth has been determined by what?

A

hundreds of methods each giving a different age

39
Q

the most widely used age of earth is

A

4.5 billion years

40
Q

the most widely used age of earth is based upon the uranium content of meterorites assuming what?

A
  1. the first formed uranium-235 was no more than half the total uranium
  2. the amount of the first-formed lead isotope not from radioactive decay in iron meteorites is the same as that in earth rocks
  3. and that the amount of lead isotope from radioactive decay in stony meteorites is the same as that in earth rocks
41
Q

To calculate any age from radioactivity you need to know

A
  1. radioactive half-life of isotope being used
  2. rock was a closed system meaning no addition or removal of isotopes since the rock was first made
  3. origiinal isotope concentration
  4. present isotope concentration
42
Q

what is the criterion for determining what is more complex

A

in biochemistry the energy controlling protien cytochrome-c can be analyzed giving the order of the aminio acids that form the protien

43
Q

determining an age is simlar to answering this question

A

traveling in a car going 60 mph, west [rate of isotope decay] on 1-40 through jackson [ present concentration] how far [age] have i traveled?

44
Q

Evolution is usually defined as

A

spontaneous life from non-life and usually invokes the progression from simple to complex. “that clock on the wall made itself from dirt and air.

45
Q

what is the criterion for determining what is more complex?

A

in bio chemistry the energy controlling the protien cyto chrome c can be analyzed giving the order of the minio acids that form the protien. cytochrome c is a 100 aminio acid protien found in living cells. there is no evidence of progression from simple to complex [evolution]

46
Q

fault block thrust

A

see card

47
Q

strike slip

A

[sideways] see picture on card

48
Q

subduction

A

[going under] see card

49
Q

three main soil components

A
  1. sand
  2. clay
  3. loam
50
Q

the lungfish

A

fish that can leave water and walk on land has fully developed lungs and fully developed gills. there is no intermediate lung-gill organ. as would be expected in an evolved fish.

51
Q

primodial soup

A

aminio accids

physical science (4 decks)

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