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Science 116 > Physical Science > Flashcards

Physical Science Flashcards

1
Q

What are the states of matter?

A

Solid: Shape and volume
Liquid: Volume but no shape
Gas: No shape or volume

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2
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

Occurs when substances change into new substances

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3
Q

What is a physical change?

A

Substances do not change

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4
Q

What are physical properties?

A

Can be observed without changing composition (mass, volume, color, texture)

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5
Q

What are chemical properties?

A

Must be changed to observe (flammability, reactivity)

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6
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Liquid to gas

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7
Q

Explain refraction of light

A

Light changes speed and direction as it moves through substances

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8
Q

Explain reflection of light

A

Light bounces off

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9
Q

Explain the pH scale

A

1 to 14. 1 being the most acid and 14 being the most alkaline. 7 is neutral

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10
Q

What is a base?

A

Lots of -OH groups. (Baking soda and soap?

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11
Q

What is an acid?

A

Lost of H+ ions. (Vinegar and fruits)

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12
Q

How is the atmosphere composed?

A

Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Argon .9%
Trace gases .1%

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13
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

CO2, methane. Helpful to some extent. Create climate change

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14
Q

What is force?

A

What makes an object move. Push or pull on an object

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15
Q

What is gravity?

A

What pulls objects together

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16
Q

What is mass?

A

Amount of matter

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17
Q

What is wind energy?

A

Turbines create mechanical energy

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18
Q

What is energy transfer?

A

Energy changing forms

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19
Q

What is convection?

A

Transfer of heat by movement

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20
Q

What is conduction?

A

Transfer of heat by touch

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21
Q

What is radiation?

A

Transfer of heat through medium

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22
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy in moving objects

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23
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy

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24
Q

What is erosion?

A

Movement of sediment by wind, water or ice

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25
How does a lever work?
Allows for heavy objects to be moved with less use of energy.
26
What is distance?
How much ground is covered. Scalar qty
27
What is displacement?
Change in position. Vector qty
28
What is the formula for acceleration?
(Vf- Vi) / (Tf-Ti)
29
What is the formula for speed?
Distance / Time
30
What is the formula for velocity?
Displacement / Time
31
What is equilibrium?
All forces are balanced
32
What is inertia?
Resist to change
33
Newton's 1st Law of Motion
An object remains at rest unless acted upon an unbalanced force
34
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion
Force = mass*acceleration
35
Newton's 3rd Law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
36
How does a pulley work?
Grooved wheel with rope wrapped around it. Load is tied to one end and the other end is pulled, it makes work easier
37
What is magnetism?
Force between magnetic poles. Opposites attract. Energy flows from north to south pole
38
How does light react to materials?
Transparent material allow light to pass through Translucent material allow some light through Opaque material absorb or reflect all light
39
What is chemical weathering?
Change in rock composition because of reactions
40
What is oxidation?
Oxygen combines and causes rust
41
What is carbonation?
Carbonic acid is formed and this dissolves rock
42
What is hydration?
Rocks chemically change to clay
43
What is the formula for momentum?
mass*velocity
44
What is electrical energy?
Kinetic energy created by flowing electrons
45
What is nuclear energy?
Potential energy stored in nucleus, atom is split (fission) to release energy.
46
What is frequency?
Number of times air vibrates in a second
47
What is amplitude?
How tall wave is
48
What is intensity?
How much energy wave has
49
What affects sound waves?
Temperature, humidity, density and wind
50
What is visible light?
Waves that can be seen. ROY G. BIV
51
What is nuclear fusion?
Under extreme conditions, light elements fuse. Only happens in the stars
52
How does lightning occur?
Negative charges in the clouds are attracted to the positive charges in the ground
53
What makes a material a good conductor?
How easy its e- can jump
54
Exothermic
Release of energy (Solid -> Liquid -> Gas)
55
Endothermic
Absorbs energy (Gas -> Liquid -> Solid)
56
What is the formula for density?
Mass/Volume
57
What is the gravitational force?
All objects are attracted to each other
58
What is the electromagnetic force?
Interaction between electrically charged particles
59
What is strong force?
What holds protons and neutrons together in nucleus
60
What is weak force?
What turns neutrons into protons in nuclear decay
61
What is work?
Amount of energy it takes to do something
62
What is the atomic number?
Number of protons
63
What is the charge of an atom?
Number of protons minus the number of electrons
64
What is atomic mass?
Number of protons + neutrons
65
What is an ionic bond?
Attraction between opposite ions. Complete transfer of valence e-
66
What is a covalent bond?
Sharing of electron pairs
67
What is a hydrogen bond?
Attraction in atoms of oxygen, fluorine or nitrogen
68
What is molarity?
Moles of solute per liter of solution
69
What is molality?
Concentration of moles per kilogram of solvent
70
What are radioisotopes?
Atoms with an unstable nucleus, it can make subatomic particles or undergo radioactive decay
71
What is radioactive decay?
It is when an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation
72
What is radioactive half-life?
Time it takes for half of radioactive nuclei in a sample to undergo decay
73
What is ionizing radiation? What types are there?
What can cause an electron to detach from an atom Alpha: Positive, severe damage if ingested, stopped easily Beta: Negative, two types, stopped with thin metal Gamma: Neutral, serious damage when absorbed by tissue, stopped with thick lead.
74
How does a polar covalent bond form?
Electronegative difference between two atoms is small
75
How is an ionic bond formed?
Electronegative difference is large
76
How is a pure nonpolar covalent bond formed?
No electronegativity
77
What can you tell me about fluorine (F)?
It is the most electronegative element in the table
78
What can you tell me about francium (Fr)?
It is the least electronegative element in the table. It has the largest atomic radius.
79
What do you know about highly reactive elements?
Highly reactive elements are those that have high electronegativity and low ionization energy
80
Electron shells
K, M, N, O, P and Q K is the closest to the nucleus
81
Properties of water
High polarity, hydrogen bonding, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, high specific heat, high latent heat, high heat of vaporization
82
What is thermodynamics?
Branch that studies the conversion of energy into work and heat
83
Types of system
Open: Capable of interacting Closed: Can exchange heat and work but no matter Isolated: Cannot interact
84
First law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destoyed, just transformed
85
Second law of thermodynamics
Entropy of an isolated system can only increase
86
Buoyancy
If an object is denser than water, it'll sink. | If an object is less dense than water, it'll float
87
What is mechanical advantage?
Illusion of magnifying a force to make the work easier.
88
What do you know about C?
It has the highest melting point in the table.
89
Melting point (Trends)
Higher in metals (top of the table) than non-metals but C has the highest.
90
What do you know about He?
Highest ionization energy

Science 116 (4 decks)

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