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Science 116 > Physical Science > Flashcards

Physical Science Flashcards

1
Q

What are the states of matter?

A

Solid: Shape and volume
Liquid: Volume but no shape
Gas: No shape or volume

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2
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

Occurs when substances change into new substances

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3
Q

What is a physical change?

A

Substances do not change

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4
Q

What are physical properties?

A

Can be observed without changing composition (mass, volume, color, texture)

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5
Q

What are chemical properties?

A

Must be changed to observe (flammability, reactivity)

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6
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Liquid to gas

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7
Q

Explain refraction of light

A

Light changes speed and direction as it moves through substances

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8
Q

Explain reflection of light

A

Light bounces off

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9
Q

Explain the pH scale

A

1 to 14. 1 being the most acid and 14 being the most alkaline. 7 is neutral

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10
Q

What is a base?

A

Lots of -OH groups. (Baking soda and soap?

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11
Q

What is an acid?

A

Lost of H+ ions. (Vinegar and fruits)

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12
Q

How is the atmosphere composed?

A

Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Argon .9%
Trace gases .1%

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13
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

CO2, methane. Helpful to some extent. Create climate change

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14
Q

What is force?

A

What makes an object move. Push or pull on an object

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15
Q

What is gravity?

A

What pulls objects together

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16
Q

What is mass?

A

Amount of matter

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17
Q

What is wind energy?

A

Turbines create mechanical energy

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18
Q

What is energy transfer?

A

Energy changing forms

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19
Q

What is convection?

A

Transfer of heat by movement

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20
Q

What is conduction?

A

Transfer of heat by touch

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21
Q

What is radiation?

A

Transfer of heat through medium

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22
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy in moving objects

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23
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy

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24
Q

What is erosion?

A

Movement of sediment by wind, water or ice

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25
Q

How does a lever work?

A

Allows for heavy objects to be moved with less use of energy.

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26
Q

What is distance?

A

How much ground is covered. Scalar qty

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27
Q

What is displacement?

A

Change in position. Vector qty

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28
Q

What is the formula for acceleration?

A

(Vf- Vi) / (Tf-Ti)

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29
Q

What is the formula for speed?

A

Distance / Time

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30
Q

What is the formula for velocity?

A

Displacement / Time

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31
Q

What is equilibrium?

A

All forces are balanced

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32
Q

What is inertia?

A

Resist to change

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33
Q

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

A

An object remains at rest unless acted upon an unbalanced force

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34
Q

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

A

Force = mass*acceleration

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35
Q

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

A

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

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36
Q

How does a pulley work?

A

Grooved wheel with rope wrapped around it. Load is tied to one end and the other end is pulled, it makes work easier

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37
Q

What is magnetism?

A

Force between magnetic poles. Opposites attract. Energy flows from north to south pole

38
Q

How does light react to materials?

A

Transparent material allow light to pass through

Translucent material allow some light through

Opaque material absorb or reflect all light

39
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Change in rock composition because of reactions

40
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Oxygen combines and causes rust

41
Q

What is carbonation?

A

Carbonic acid is formed and this dissolves rock

42
Q

What is hydration?

A

Rocks chemically change to clay

43
Q

What is the formula for momentum?

A

mass*velocity

44
Q

What is electrical energy?

A

Kinetic energy created by flowing electrons

45
Q

What is nuclear energy?

A

Potential energy stored in nucleus, atom is split (fission) to release energy.

46
Q

What is frequency?

A

Number of times air vibrates in a second

47
Q

What is amplitude?

A

How tall wave is

48
Q

What is intensity?

A

How much energy wave has

49
Q

What affects sound waves?

A

Temperature, humidity, density and wind

50
Q

What is visible light?

A

Waves that can be seen. ROY G. BIV

51
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

Under extreme conditions, light elements fuse. Only happens in the stars

52
Q

How does lightning occur?

A

Negative charges in the clouds are attracted to the positive charges in the ground

53
Q

What makes a material a good conductor?

A

How easy its e- can jump

54
Q

Exothermic

A

Release of energy (Solid -> Liquid -> Gas)

55
Q

Endothermic

A

Absorbs energy (Gas -> Liquid -> Solid)

56
Q

What is the formula for density?

A

Mass/Volume

57
Q

What is the gravitational force?

A

All objects are attracted to each other

58
Q

What is the electromagnetic force?

A

Interaction between electrically charged particles

59
Q

What is strong force?

A

What holds protons and neutrons together in nucleus

60
Q

What is weak force?

A

What turns neutrons into protons in nuclear decay

61
Q

What is work?

A

Amount of energy it takes to do something

62
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

Number of protons

63
Q

What is the charge of an atom?

A

Number of protons minus the number of electrons

64
Q

What is atomic mass?

A

Number of protons + neutrons

65
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

Attraction between opposite ions. Complete transfer of valence e-

66
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Sharing of electron pairs

67
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Attraction in atoms of oxygen, fluorine or nitrogen

68
Q

What is molarity?

A

Moles of solute per liter of solution

69
Q

What is molality?

A

Concentration of moles per kilogram of solvent

70
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

Atoms with an unstable nucleus, it can make subatomic particles or undergo radioactive decay

71
Q

What is radioactive decay?

A

It is when an unstable atomic nucleus spontaneously loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and radiation

72
Q

What is radioactive half-life?

A

Time it takes for half of radioactive nuclei in a sample to undergo decay

73
Q

What is ionizing radiation? What types are there?

A

What can cause an electron to detach from an atom

Alpha: Positive, severe damage if ingested, stopped easily
Beta: Negative, two types, stopped with thin metal
Gamma: Neutral, serious damage when absorbed by tissue, stopped with thick lead.

74
Q

How does a polar covalent bond form?

A

Electronegative difference between two atoms is small

75
Q

How is an ionic bond formed?

A

Electronegative difference is large

76
Q

How is a pure nonpolar covalent bond formed?

A

No electronegativity

77
Q

What can you tell me about fluorine (F)?

A

It is the most electronegative element in the table

78
Q

What can you tell me about francium (Fr)?

A

It is the least electronegative element in the table. It has the largest atomic radius.

79
Q

What do you know about highly reactive elements?

A

Highly reactive elements are those that have high electronegativity and low ionization energy

80
Q

Electron shells

A

K, M, N, O, P and Q

K is the closest to the nucleus

81
Q

Properties of water

A

High polarity, hydrogen bonding, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, high specific heat, high latent heat, high heat of vaporization

82
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

Branch that studies the conversion of energy into work and heat

83
Q

Types of system

A

Open: Capable of interacting
Closed: Can exchange heat and work but no matter
Isolated: Cannot interact

84
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destoyed, just transformed

85
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

Entropy of an isolated system can only increase

86
Q

Buoyancy

A

If an object is denser than water, it’ll sink.

If an object is less dense than water, it’ll float

87
Q

What is mechanical advantage?

A

Illusion of magnifying a force to make the work easier.

88
Q

What do you know about C?

A

It has the highest melting point in the table.

89
Q

Melting point (Trends)

A

Higher in metals (top of the table) than non-metals but C has the highest.

90
Q

What do you know about He?

A

Highest ionization energy

Science 116 (4 decks)

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