Physical Properties of Matter

Question 1

How a drinking bird words

Answer 1

• Head gets wet
• Liquid on its head evaporates
• Evaporation is an endothermic process for the water. Exothermic for region A
• This cools the gas in region A.
• This drops the air pressure in region A.
• Region B pushes liquid into region A which equalizes the pressures, then the liquid flows back

Question 2

When liquids increase in temperature their ______ goes up, and therefore so does the ______ of the liquid particles. This causes the liquid to ____, increasing its volume.

Answer 2

When liquids increase in temperature their average kinetic energy goes up, and therefore so does the average velocity of the liquid particles. This causes the liquid to expand, increasing its volume.

Question 3

Density = Mass/Volume. Thus density is _____ proportional to volume. If volume goes up, the density will go _____. Thus as a liquid warms up its density ____.

Answer 3

Density = Mass/Volume. Thus density is inversely proportional to volume. If volume goes up, the density will go down. Thus as a liquid warms up its density decreases

Question 4

The first characteristic of the KMT

Answer 4

1. The gas consists of objects with a defined mass and zero volume.

Question 5

The second characteristic of the KMT

Answer 5

2. The gas particles travel randomly in straight-line motion where their movement can be described by the fundamental laws of mechanics

Question 6

The third characteristic of the KMT

Answer 6

3. All collisions involving gas particles are elastic: the kinetic energy of the system is converted even though the kinetic energy among the particles is redistributed

Question 7

The fourth characteristic of the KMT

Answer 7

4. The gas particles do not interact with each other or with the walls of any containers

Question 8

The fifth characteristic of the KMT

Answer 8

5. The gas phase system will have an average kinetic energy that is proportional to temperature; the kinetic energy will be distributed among the particles according to a Boltzmann type of distribution

Question 9

Macroscopic characteristics of GAS

Answer 9

• assumes the shape and volume of it container
• compressible
• flows easily [fluid]

Question 10

Macroscopic characteristics of LIQUID

Answer 10

• assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies
• not easily compressible
• flows easily [fluid]

Question 11

Macroscopic characteristics of SOLID

Answer 11

• retains a fixed volume and shape
• homogenous solids are not easily compressible
• does NOT flow easily

Question 12

Microscopic characteristics of GAS

Answer 12

-particles can move past one another very freely
-motion: Mainly HIGH SPEED TRANSLATIONAL
some rotational
some vibrational
-lots of free space between particles
-NO IMF

Question 13

Microscopic characteristics of LIQUID

Answer 13

-particles can move/slide past one another
-motion: Vibrational, rotational
some translational
-little free space between particles
-particles can move/slide past one another
-Modest IMF

Question 14

Microscopic characteristics of SOLID

Answer 14

-rigid- particles locked into place
-motion: Mainly vibrational
some rotational, essentially NO translational
-little free space between particles
-rigid- particles cannot move/slide past one another
-high IMF

Question 15

Definition of KE and PE

Answer 15

Kinetic energy: the energy of the motion of the particle(s) involved
Potential energy: the energy of the position or state of matter

Question 16

Definition of IMF

Answer 16

Definition of IMF: Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction repulsion which act between neighbouring particles

Question 17

Which state of matter has the largest negative potential energy (eg. the highest intermolecular forces)?

Answer 17

Solid state

Question 18

When a solid brass sphere is heated its density…

Answer 18

Decreases

Question 19

When water cools from 20°C down to 18°C, what happens to its density?

Answer 19

It increases

Question 20

When water in solid form (ice) melts and warms up from 0°C to +3°C, what happens to its density?

Answer 20

It increases

Question 21

Conservation of Energy

Answer 21

A law that states that energy in an isolated system can neither be created nor destroyed. It can only change form

Question 22

Flow of heat

Answer 22

Endothermic reactions cause the surrounding to cool and the reactant to heat. Exothermic reactions cause the surroundings to heat up and the reactant to cool down. Heat moves from high heat to low heat.

Question 23

Explain Endothermic and Exothermic processes, and describe how they are related due to the conservation of energy

Answer 23

Endothermic processes require the utilization of heat energy, while exothermic processes gives off heat energy. These processes are related to the conservation of energy in order to distribute kinetic energy in a system. For example when you sweat the liquid is trying to evaporate, and to evaporate it is endothermic (requires heat) therefore it takes that heat from your body

Question 24

What are 2 main types of energy?

Answer 24

There is kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy (PE).

Question 25

Define KE and PE, and include the formula for one of the types.

Answer 25

Kinetic Energy is based on the motion of an object, and relates to a substances temperature.
Potential Energy is based on the position of state of the matter. Depends on the intermolecular forces acting on the substance, and it this energy relates to a substances state.
KE=(1/2)mV^2

Question 26

What does the Maxwell-Boltzman distribution curve represent?

Answer 26

A Maxwell-Boltzman distribution curve represents the way in which particles at a given temperature have a range of kinetic energies. The distribution curve shows the number of particles per KE.

Question 27

How/why does a Galileo thermometer work? Explain in more than five steps.

Answer 27

• When liquids increase in temperature their average kinetic energy goes up, and therefore so too does the velocity of the liquid particles. This causes the liquid to expand, increasing its volume. If a liquid is cooled the opposite happens and the volume will contract (get smaller).
• Density =Mass/ volume. Thus density is inversely proportional to volume.
• If the volume goes up, the density will go down. Thus as a liquid warms up
  its density decreases.
• Less dense objects FLOAT on more dense objects.
• As the liquid warms up, becoming less and less dense, fewer calibrated
  density bulbs will be able to float in it,.
• A Galileo thermometer is read by reading the temperature off of the (lowest
  floating) density calibrated bulb.
• As the temperature rises of the liquid, more and more density calibrated
  bulbs will sink. As the temperature decreases of the liquid, more and more of the density calibrated bulbs will rise (float), because the density of the water has become greater than their individual densities.

Question 28

How can the boiling point of a liquid be changed without the application or removal of heat?

Answer 28

Boiling point is about the matching of the kinetic energy (KE) of the liquid with the kinetic energy needed (KEneeded) to break the inter-molecular forces (IMF) and over-come the resistance from the atmospheric pressure above it. If we were able to lower the atmospheric pressure of the air above the liquid, with a VACUUM JAR, we would be able to radically lower the boiling point.

Question 29

What type of energy process is required whenever matter changes state to become less dense?

Answer 29

The material must experience an increase of Potential energy to become less densewhen changing state

Question 30

What is used to measure the pressure of trapped gases?

Answer 30

A manometer. A u tube is used to compare the pressure of the trapped gas to the atmospheric pressure The difference in levelscan then determine the difference in mmHg if using mercury. This transfers into pressure difference.