Atoms & Compounds Flashcards
Goals of alchemists
Transmutation and panacea
What is transmutation
Turning things into gold
What is panacea
The elixir of life [healing and longevity]
Goals of Science/ Chemistry
Knowledge and truth
Difference between methods of alchemy and science
Alchemy’s methods are random and the variables are uncontrolled. They use philosophical principles and systems, to describe, explain, and predict the future. Science’s method is systematic and the variables are systematically controlled. They use the scientific process with math, to find patterns {using graphs & formulas}. to describe, explain, and predict the future.
Findings of Alchemy
Kept top secret, passed on to apprentices
Findings of Science
Published and peer reviewed
Beliefs of alchemy
Believed matter to be infinitely divisible
Believed in magic
Things can become more than the sum of their parts
Beliefs of science
Believe matter to be discrete.
Believe in atoms
Don’t believe in any magic
All things have a physical cause and effect involving a conservation of matter and energy. Things are the sum of their parts.
Scope of alchemy
Holistic: Integrating the material, psychological, and spiritual
Scope of science
Specific: Focused on the material (the physical ad chemical aspects)
Steps of how a mass spectrometer works:
- The sample is heated until it becomes a gas (vaporized)
- The gas is then ionized.
- The ions are shot through a slit through a magnetic field.
- The magnetic field exerts a force on those ions causing them to deflect (bend)
- The ions with the least mass are deflected the most, the ions with the most mass are deflected the least. Thus the magnetic field creates a spectrum of the various masses.
- A computer counts how many ions land on each part of the screen and determines how many percent abundance.
What is a mass spectrometer used for?
Used to find cell abundance
What interacts in ionic bonds?
Metal and non-metal atoms
What interacts in covalent bonds?
Non-metal and non-metal atoms
What happens to atoms in ionic bonds?
Atoms become ions that form crystalline lattices when solid
What happens to atoms in covalent bonds?
Atoms form molecules that stay together regardless of phase. Molecules may also form crystals (like sugar).
Naming for ionic bonds?
Naming may involve the classical or the Stock system and polyatomic ions such as oxy anions.
Naming for covalent bonds?
Naming may include Greek prefixes.
When did Atomic Theory begin?
In 440 BC with Democritus
Who believed in atoms?
Democritus. He believed that everything was made up of building blocks (atomos) meaning ‘indestructible’
Aristotle
350 BC disagreed with Democritus.
Believed things could be infinitely divisible.
Things are made up of 4 elements - earth, wind, fire, and water
Philosopher’s Stone
Could transmute a material into another, even gold
Year of John Dalton
1803
Who came up with first Atomic Theory and what is it?
John Dalton:
- Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms
- The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are differing in some fundamental way or ways.
- Chemical compounds are formed when atoms of different elements combine with each other. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.
- Chemical reactions involve the reorganization of atoms - changes in the way they are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction.
Who created the Plum Pudding Model?
J J Thomson - 1897
Who discovered the nucleus?
Ernest Rutherford - 1909. It was positive
What did Rutherford do?
Experiment with alpha particles
Neils Bohr
1912
Discovered electrons travel in levels of energy and they don’t orbit randomly.
Energy Level Model
Who discovered the neutron?
James Chanwick - 1932
James Chanwick
1932
Electrons orbit the nucleus become opposites attract. Nucleus stayed together because neutrons. For every proton there was a neutron that separated it from another proton.
The current modern periodic table ______
The current modern periodic table is organized using quantum mechanics.
The subatomic particles and what they are broken down into
Protons and neutrons can be broken down into quarks. Electrons can be broken down into leptons.
An isotope ____
An isotope has the same atomic number (protons) but a different number of neutrons.
Roman numerals
1: I
2: II
3: III
4: IV
5: V
6: VI
7: VII
8: VIII
9: IX
10: X
50: L
100: C
1000: M
Fact about covalent bonds
No such thing as quad bond
DNA?
It is covalent bonded
Ic and Ous
-ous (lesser) -ic (larger)
What is a binary compound?
There are 2 or more elements
Ite and ate
If ‘ite’ is # then ‘ate’ is +1
What does radioactive mean?
- it does not glow green
- the nucleus is unstable
- the unstable nucleus will eventually break apart
- when it breaks apart it releases a powerful energy
Chemical properties
The chemical properties are similar for the elements in the same vertical column or family
The diatomic elements
Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer
Hydrogen Nitrogen Fluorine Oxygen Iodine Chlorine Bromine
The prefixes
Mono Di Tri Tetra Penta Hexa Hepta Octa Nona Deca
Ammonia
NH3
Ammonium
NH4
Methane
CH4
Butane
C4H10
Radioactive means:
- The nucleus is unstable
- The unstable nucleus will eventually break apart
- When it breaks apart it releases powerful energy
Binary compound
Binary compound involves two elements, not two atoms!
Naming binary compounds:
All binary compounds will have an “-ide” suffix ending
Oxyanions:
Oxyanions are polyatomic ions that contain oxygen atoms, and have an overall negative charge
A hydrate:
A hydrate is an ionic compound, in solid crystalline form, that has water incorporated into its lattice
