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Geography > Physical Land Scapes > Flashcards

Physical Land Scapes Flashcards

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1
Q

How are waves formed

A

When wind blows over the sea and friction causes surface of water to ripple

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2
Q

What is the fetch

A

Maximum distance wind can blow across the sea to create a wave
Longer the fetch more powerful the wave

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3
Q

Define swash

A

Water running up the beach

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4
Q

Define backwash

A

Water that flows back towards beach

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5
Q

What are constructive waves

A

Low wave height
Long wave length
Spill wave
Powerful swash so deposit large amounts of sand / pebbles
Weak backwash
Gain beach sediment

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6
Q

What are destructive waves

A

High wave height
Short wave length
Plunge wave break
Weak swash
Strong backwash
Loss of sediment

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7
Q

What is weathering

A

Weakening or decay of rocks mostly caused by weather such as rainfall and changes in temp

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of mass movement

A

Rock fall, mud flow, landslide, rotational slip

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9
Q

Define rock fall

A

Fragments of rock breakaway from cliff face often due to freeze thaw weathering

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10
Q

Define mud flow

A

Saturated soil and weak rock flows down slope

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11
Q

Define landslide

A

Blocks of rock slide down hill

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12
Q

Define rotational slip

A

Slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface

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13
Q

What is mechanical weathering

A

Disintegration of rocks. Piles of rock called scree can be found at foot of cliff

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14
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

Cause by chemical changes like rainwater which is slightly acidic very slowly dissolves certain rock and minerals

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15
Q

What is biological weathering

A

Due to flora (plants) and fauna (animals)
Plant roots grown in cracks in rock
Animals burrow into weak rocks

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16
Q

What is freeze thaw weathering

A

Water collects in cracks or holes in rock
At night water freezes and expands and makes cracks in rock bigger
When temperature rises and ice melts water seeps deposed into rocks
This repeats and eventually fragments of rock may break off

17
Q

What does prevailing wind do

A

Makes the direction of waves on an oblique angle where swash pushes sediment up beach and backwash takes it back out to sea.
Because of gravity
This zig zag movement carries sediment up the beach

18
Q

How are headlands and bays formed

A

There are alternating bands of more and less resistant rock on the coast
Softer clay is eroded more easily by oncoming waves than hard rock by hydraulic action and abrasion
Resulting in soft rock moving inland and retreating to make a c shape bay and hard rock sticking out creating head land

19
Q

How does a headland change over time

A

Waves attack cliff causing faults and cracks because of hydraulic action creating caves
Then cave widens because of abrasion and hydraulic action and solution from waves
Cave then wears away all the way through headland creating a natural arch
Weathering then erodes top of cliff so roof collapses creating tall rock stack
Stack continues to erode until its a stump

20
Q

How are wave cut platforms formed

A

Waves break against a cliff
Erosion at high tide land will wear away cliff to form wave cut notch
Over long period wave cut notch will get bigger due to abrasion and hydraulic power undercutting cliff / headland until it collapses and recedes
As this repeats a gently sloping platform called wave cut platform is produced

21
Q

How are spits formed

A

Prevailing wind pushes contructive waves up beach at same angle as swash
So sediment is pushed up and dragged back down the beach in long shore drift
This continues leading to mass transportation of sediment until mainland ends where sediment then builds up causing extension of mainland.
Salt marsh can form behind if estuary is present

22
Q

How are sand dunes formed

A

Embryo dunes form around obstacle
Develop and become stabilised by vegetation - marram grass adapated to wind and roots get water
In time rotting vegetation adds organic matter to sand making it fertile
Wind can form depressions in sand called slacks where ponds form

23
Q

How is a bar formed

A

Swash and backwash bring sediment up the beach due to long shore drift
Bay is then formed as spit grew across the mouth of the bay joining up two headlands via and sand bar

24
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of sea walls

A

Ad- stop sea from flooding land, reduces erosive force of waves
Disadvantage- looks obstructive and unnatural, expensive , maintenance costs

25
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of groynes

A

Rock and timber structures trapping sediment moved by long shore drift
Ad- creates wider beach as stops long short drift
Disadvantage- interrupting LSD can lead to erosion elsewhere

26
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of rock armour

A

Piles of boulders at foot of cliff to trap wave energy
Ad- cheap , easy to maintain
Disadvantage- expensive to transport

27
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of gaboon’s

A

Rock filled wire cages reduces force of waves
Ad- cheap to produce, improve cliff drainage
Disadvantage- cages rust within 5 yrs

28
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

Sand dredged on beach to create wider beach
Ad- cheap and easy to maintain, blends in
Disadvantage- needs constant maintenance as sand still removed by waves

29
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of dune regeneration

A

Marram grass planted to stabilise dunes
Ad- maintain natural environment , good for wildlife
Disadvantage- time consuming to plant marram grass, can be damaged by storms

30
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of dune fencing

A

Fences constructed on sea ward side of existing dunes
Ad- little impact of natural systems
Disadvantage- can be unsightly , regular maintenance

31
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of managed retreat

A

Sea to over flood over low lying land
Ad- more space for wave energy to be absorbed
Disadvantage- excessive flooding poses risks, not all areas can be used

32
Q

What are reasons for management at lime Regis

A

Town built on unstable cliffs
Coasting erodes rapidly due to powerful waves
Properties destroyed
Sea walls broken

33
Q

What was phase 1 at Lyme Regis

A

New sea wall
£1.4 million project to stabilise cliffs using large nails to hold rocks together

34
Q

What was phase 4 at Lyme Regis

A

£20 million
New 390 metre sea wall
Nailing piling and drainage to provide cliff stabilisation for 480 homes

35
Q

Positive outcomes at Lyme Regis

A

New beaches increased visitor numbers
New defences stood up to storms

36
Q

Negative outcomes at Lyme Regis

A

New defences spoilt natural coastline landscapes
Increased visitors led to conflict with locals who thing traffic and litter increaed

Geography (4 decks)

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