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natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Where do tropical storms typically occur?

A

Between 5° and 30° north and south of the equator

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2
Q

What ocean temperature is necessary for tropical storms to form?

A

Above 27° C

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3
Q

During which seasons do tropical storms generally occur?

A

Between summer and autumn

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4
Q

What is the first step in the sequence of a tropical storm?

A

Air is heated above warm tropical oceans

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5
Q

What phenomenon causes air to spin around the calm eye of a tropical storm?

A

Coriolis effect

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6
Q

What happens to a tropical storm when it meets land?

A

It loses its source of heat and moisture, thus losing power

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7
Q

True or False: Climate change is expected to lead to more frequent tropical storms.

A

False

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8
Q

What extreme weather events can cause flooding in the UK?

A

Rain, snow, ice, hail, drought, wind, thunderstorms, heat waves

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9
Q

What has been the average temperature increase in the UK since 1980?

A

1 degree

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10
Q

What were the primary effects of Typhoon Halyan in the Philippines?

A
  • At least 6340 killed
  • 314 km/hr wind speeds
  • 5m Storm Surge
  • 90% buildings in Tacloban destroyed
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11
Q

How many emergency shelters were set up immediately after Typhoon Halyan?

A

1,069 emergency shelters

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12
Q

What was the total estimated damage cost from Typhoon Halyan?

A

$14 Billion

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13
Q

What are two long-term responses to Typhoon Halyan?

A
  • UN appeal raised $300 million
  • Typhoon warning systems improved
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14
Q

What caused the flooding in Somerset Levels in 2014?

A

Wettest January on record, high tides, and storm surge
River tome and parrot weren’t dredges

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15
Q

How many houses were flooded during the Somerset Levels flooding?

A

Over 600 houses

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16
Q

What are two natural causes of climate change?

A
  • Orbital changes
  • Volcanic activity
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17
Q

What human activities contribute to greenhouse gas emissions?

A
  • Fossil fuels
  • Agriculture
  • Deforestation
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18
Q

What is one environmental effect of climate change?

A

Less ice in Arctic Ocean

19
Q

What method uses ice cores to study climate change?

A

Ice and sediment cores analysis

20
Q

What is one social effect of climate change?

A

Increased disease such as skin cancer and heat stroke

21
Q

Fill in the blank: The Met Office has reliable climate evidence since _______.

A

1914

22
Q

What is one management strategy for climate change?

A

Alternative energy production to reduce CO2 production

23
Q

What is the purpose of the Thames Flood Barrier?

A

To reduce risk from rising sea levels

24
Q

What does carbon capture do?

A

Takes carbon dioxide from emission sources and stores it underground

25
Q

What are Natural Hazards?

A

Physical events such as earthquakes and volcanoes that can damage humans and property.

Includes tectonic hazards, tropical storms, and forest fires.

26
Q

What factors affect hazard risk?

A
  • Population growth
  • Global climate change
  • Deforestation
  • Wealth - particularly in LICs due to lack of resources
27
Q

What are the four layers of the Earth?

A
  • Core (inner and outer)
  • Mantle
  • Crust

The crust is divided into tectonic plates.

28
Q

What are the types of tectonic plate movements?

A
  • Destructive margin
  • Constructive margin
  • Conservative margin

Each type of margin has different geological activities associated with it.

29
Q

What are the two types of crust?

A
  • Oceanic (thin, young, dense)
  • Continental (old, thick, less dense)

The differences in crust types affect tectonic activities.

30
Q

What causes tectonic plates to move?

A

Convection currents in the mantle.

These movements can lead to tectonic activity like earthquakes and volcanoes.

31
Q

What are the primary effects of earthquakes?

A
  • Property and buildings destroyed
  • People injured or killed
  • Ports, roads, railways damaged
  • Broken pipes and cables

These effects occur immediately after an earthquake.

32
Q

What are the secondary effects of earthquakes?

A
  • Reduced business activity
  • Blocked transport hindering emergency services
  • Fires from broken gas pipes
  • Lack of fresh water from broken water pipes

Secondary effects occur as a result of the primary effects.

33
Q

What are the primary effects of volcanoes?

A
  • Property and farmland destroyed
  • People and animals killed or injured
  • Air travel halted due to ash
  • Contaminated water supplies

These effects happen immediately when a volcano erupts.

34
Q

What are the secondary effects of volcanoes?

A
  • Economy slows down
  • Emergency services struggle to arrive
  • Possible flooding from melting ice
  • Increased tourism due to volcanic activity

Secondary effects often occur after the initial eruption.

35
Q

What was the magnitude and impact of the Nepal earthquake in April 2015?

A

Magnitude 7.8
* 9000 deaths
* 23000 injured
* Over 500,000 homes destroyed

36
Q

What were the immediate responses to tectonic hazards?

A
  • Issue warnings
  • Search for survivors
  • Provide food and shelter
  • Recover bodies
  • Extinguish fires

Immediate responses focus on saving lives and providing basic needs.

37
Q

What were the long-term responses to tectonic hazards?

A
  • Repair and rebuild properties
  • Improve building regulations
  • Restore utilities
  • Resettle locals
  • Develop economic recovery opportunities

Long-term responses aim to rebuild and enhance resilience for future events.

38
Q

What were the primary effects of the Chile earthquake in February 2010?

A
  • 500 deaths
  • 12000 injured
  • 220,000 homes destroyed
  • Damage to ports and airports

The earthquake significantly impacted infrastructure and human life.

39
Q

What is the ‘Ring of Fire’?

A

A zone of high tectonic activity around the Pacific Ocean.

It is characterized by frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

40
Q

What is the Coriolis effect?

A

The turning of the Earth that causes winds to curve from high pressure to low pressure.

This effect influences global weather patterns.

41
Q

Fill in the blank: The Earth has _____ layers.

A

four layers

The layers are core, mantle, and crust.

42
Q

True or False: LICs are more prepared for natural disasters than HICs.

A

False

LICs typically suffer more because they lack resources for effective disaster response.

43
Q

What is a destructive margin?

A

Where an oceanic plate subducts under a continental plate, causing friction and volcanic activity.

This type of margin can lead to violent earthquakes and composite volcanoes.

44
Q

What is the role of monitoring in reducing the impact of tectonic hazards?

A

Seismometers measure earth movement and gases from volcanoes help in evacuation predictions.

Monitoring technology is crucial for early warning systems.

Geography (4 decks)

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