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Human Diversity > Physical Health > Flashcards

Physical Health Flashcards

1
Q

Health definition (WHO, 1948)

A

“…a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”

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2
Q

English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA): Ohrnberger et al. (2017)

A
  • On going since 2002, N=10,693

Past mental and physical health have strong direct and indirect effects on current mental and physical health
- Direct: past health → future health
- Indirect: Past health → Behaviours (e.g. social interaction, smoking, physical activity) → future health

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3
Q

Bidirectional link between mental and physical health

A

Physical → mental: Chronic illness can take a toll on a persons mental health (e.g. depression, anxiety)

Mental → Physical: Depression can stoip a person from looking after themselves (e.g. exercise, hygene)

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4
Q

Health Risk Factors

(Murray et al., 2020) UK data

A
  • Metabolic risks: High blood pressure, cholesteral levels, BMI, fasting plasma glucose (Diabetes) (2)
  • Environmental/ occupational: Occupational risks, air pollution
  • Behavioural: Smoking (1), Diet (4), Alcohol (6), Drugs
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5
Q

Risk prevention

A

Smoking, poor diet, physical inactivity, and alcohol use are leading risk behaviours for ill health and premature death

  • Preventable measures: change the behaviours before they become an issue
  • Lifestyle choices: the accumulation of habits → are critical prevention targets
  • The accumulation of negative habits that leads to risk
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6
Q

Health psychologists

A
  • Promote general well-being and health, understand physical illness
  • Help people deal with the psychological and emotional aspects of health and illness (chronic illness)
  • Promote healthier lifestyles and encourage people to improve their health
  • Try to imporve the healthcare system and health policies
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7
Q

Personality and physical health

A

Personality traits have a small but important effects on health and longevity

Correlation between personality and illness

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8
Q

Suls and Rittenhouse (1990) and Smith and Williams (1992)

Personality and health

A
  1. Personality is a cause of health outcomes (due to behaviours)
  2. Personality is a cause of health outcomes (due to biological activities)
  3. Personality and health are correlated but have no causal relations
  4. Personality changes due to illness
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9
Q
  1. Personality is a cause of health outcomes: Behaviours
A

Certain personality traits lead individuals to engage in particular behaviours that increase their risk of illness

Personality → Behaviours → Illness

Behaviours: smoking, unsafe sex, substance abuse

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10
Q

Personality and physical activity

A

Personality traits are precursors of sport performance (athletic success) and physical activity (exercise participation)

  • (Rhodes & Smith, 2006): High extraversion and conceintiousness and low neuroticism is correlated to high levls of physical activity
  • Older adults with high extraversion have greater muscle strength
  • (Lichtenstein et al., 2014): Extraversion, conscientiousness and agreeableness have the strongest associations with exercise addiction - overuse injuries, eating disorders
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11
Q

Personality and smoking

A

Certain personality traits predict whether a person is more or less likely to pick up smoking, which then leads to later health issues

Hakulinen et al. (2015) → meta-analysis of 9 cohort studies
- Current smokers: higher extraversion, higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness
- Non-smokers: higher extraversion and lower conscientiousness
- Ex-smokers: Higher neuroticism predicted smoking relapse

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12
Q

Personality and healthcare use

A

Higher neuroticism linked to: increased use of general practice visits, dental care, use of medication, use of any emergency department - more anxious

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13
Q

Personality is a cause of health outcomes: Biological

A

Personality may directly influence biological activities that influence the development of a physical disease

Personality → Biological activities → Illness

e.g. Coronary disease due to high stress (Type A) individuals

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14
Q

Friedman and Rosenman (1959)

Personality and coronary heart disease

A

Type A personality: Coronary-prone behaviour pattern
- Achievement-oriented and competitive
- Hardworking and at high levels of alertness
- Unhappy with time-wasting and serious about deadlines
- Easily roused to anger when goals are obstructed

Type B: Relaxed, less competitive, rarely diven, take life as it comes

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15
Q

Type A personality explanations

A

Chida & Steptoe, 2009 (meta-analysis): Hostility/ anger was associated with a 20% risk increase of coronary heart disease

Suarez et al., 2002: Hostile men produce higher levels of C-reactive proteins, which are associated with an increased risk

Persoanlity → Hostility → C-reactive proteins → heart disease

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16
Q
  1. Personality and health are correlated but have no causal relation
A

A correlational link between personality and illness, the same biological process/ cause might underpin personality traits and illness outcomes

e.g. A specific kind of coronary heart disease was found to be linked to a gene, which also causes a predisposition towards being a hostile person

17
Q
  1. Personality changes as a result of illness
A

Illness produces changes in personality

(Stephan et al., 2014) → Personality traits are shaped by exercise participation: Physically active adults declined less on conscientiousness, extraversion, openness, and agreeableness
(Jokela et al., 2014): Chronic diseases cause consistent decreases in ectraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness and openness to experience

18
Q

Responses to a stressful situation

A
  1. Exoerience of negative emotions - anxiety, fear
  2. Physiological responses - fight or flight
  3. Cognitive response - apprisal, defence mechanisms
  4. Behavioural response - health (social support, exercise) or unhealthy (drugs) coping behaviours
19
Q

Lazarus’ theory of emotion: Stress

A

Demand occurs in the environment:
1. Primary appraisal: Assess percieved demands
2. Secondary appraisal: Do they have the capability to cope with the demands?
3. Percieved demands and percieved capabilities are compared → If demands are greater than capabilities, stress occurs

20
Q

Smith (2006)

A

Highlighted the needs to explain the mechanisms underlying the association between personality and subsequent health outcomes
3 models:
- Health behaviour models
- Interactional stress moderation model
- Transactional stress moderation model

21
Q

Health behaviour models

A

Personality influences engagement with health behaviours
Personality affects how we appraise a situation and what coping strategies we use
- Appraisal (Pessimistic individual) → ‘things never work out, what’s the point in even trying’
- Negative coping strategies → ‘Drinking will help make me feel better’ (Health behaviours)

22
Q

Interactional stress moderation model

A

Personality moderates both appraisals of stressful circumstances and coping responses, which in turn alters physiological responses

Personality → Appraisal + coping →Physiological response → illness

  • Stress reactions lead to physiological responses which then leads to illness
  • Personality is a moderator → it influences the impact of other variables
23
Q

Transactional stress moderation model

A

Extends the interactional model by including the bidirectional effect of personality on exposure to stressful life circumstances
Hostile person → more interpersonal conflicts → more stressful situations

24
Q

Intelligence and physical health

A

Higher intelligence is associated with longer living

There is a clear correlation between intelligence and physical health
- Genetic and environmental mediators will play a role in this correlation

25
Q

Whalley & Deary (2001): IQ and health

A
  1. Prior health and deprivation in childhood affects intelligence
  2. A common genetic/ biological predisposition is the cause for both intelligence and illness
  3. Childhood intelligence is associated with health literacy and subsequent uptake of health-related behaviours
  4. Intelligence is associated with higher educational attainments, and therefore a higher social-economic status and thus entry to a safer and healthier environment

Human Diversity (6 decks)

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