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Geography > Physical Georgraphy- The Living World > Flashcards

Physical Georgraphy- The Living World Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the name of tropical soils?

A

Latosol

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1
Q

What is a decomposer?

A

An organism that gets its energy by breaking down dead material, eg dead producers and fallen leaves.

Eg bacteria and fungi

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2
Q

What is the New Forest in Hampshire used for specifically?

A

Local mills make fencing products
20million visitors each year
100+ miles of cycle tracks
50,000 tonnes of timber per year

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3
Q

In what ways is the New Forest managed? (3)

A

Areas of trees cleared are replanted or restored to other habitats like heathland
Visitors encouraged to stick to footpaths
Users asked to act responsibly by info at the National Park Forest Centre and local information points

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4
Q

What are the 4 layers of rainforest and what heights are they?

A

Shrub layer- 0-10m

Under canopy- 20m

Main canopy- 30m

Emergent layer-40m

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5
Q

What are the soils in the rainforest like?

A

Not very fertile as rain washes nutrients away.

Nutrients on the surface due to decaying leaves, but this layer is thin due to fast decay in the warm moist conditions

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6
Q

Name 4 plant adaptations for plants in tropical rainforests

A

Thick waxy leaves with drip tips
Tall trees have thick buttress roots to support them in the shallow soils
Climbing plants such as lianas use tree trunks to reach light
Deciduous- drop leaves in drier periods to reduce water loss

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7
Q

What is the name for thick roots plants in the rainforest have to support themselves in the shallow soil?

A

Buttress roots

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8
Q

What is the climate of a tropical rainforest like?

A

Hot
Wet
No definite seasons

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10
Q

Name 4 plant adaptations in hot deserts

A

Long and spread out roots
Cacti have swollen stems and waxy skin
Smaller leaves
Seeds only germinate when it rains. Grow very quickly

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11
Q

What is the soil like in deciduous forests?

A

Deep and fertile because there is a thick layer of leaf fall

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12
Q

What are the 3 plant layers of deciduous forests?

A

Ground level- undergrowth eg brambles, moss, ferns

Middle level (shrub layer) smaller trees eg hawthorn. 5-20m tall

Top layer (trees) eg oak around 30m tall

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13
Q

Name 2 plant adaptations of plants in deciduous forest?

A

Deciduous trees drop their leaves in autumn. Reduces water loss in dry months
Wild flowers like bluebells grow on the forest floor in spring before trees block out the light

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14
Q

Name 3 things deciduous forests can be used for

A

Timber
Timber products
Recreation

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15
Q

Give the 3 ways that deciduous forests are sustainably managed to conserve them for the future

A

Controlled felling
Replanting
Planning for recreational use

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16
Q

What is controlled felling?

A

Instead of clearing all the trees in an area, only some trees are cut down, e.g. trees over certain age or just one species. This is less damaging as trees can regenerate

17
Q

What is the case study for deciduous forest?

A

The New Forest in Hampshire

18
Q

What are the environmental impacts of deforestation?(7)

A

Less habitats for animals
No trees to old soil together=soil erosion
Soil washed into rivers=pollution
Water not caught by tree canopy or roots so soil fertility washed down into the earth
No leaf fall so less fertile soil
Less co2 removed from atmosphere as trees cannot photosynthesise
Without trees water isn’t removed from soil and evaporated so fewer clouds form and rainfall is reduced

19
Q

Economic impacts of deforestation?(2)

A

Logging, farming, mining= jobs

Money made from selling timber and commercial farming

20
Q

How many tonnes of timber does the New Forest produce each year?

A

50,000

22
Q

How many miles of cycle tracks are there in the New Forest?

A

100+

22
Q

What are the 5 main causes of deforestation?

A 
Farming
Mineral extraction 
Commercial logging
Population pressure
Road building
23
Q

How many people visit the New Forest each year?

A

20 million

23
Q

What are the social impacts of deforestation?(good and bad)(4)

A

More jobs for people so quality of life increases
Some livelihoods destroyed- loss of animals and plants
Native tribes forced to move
Conflict between natives, landowners, mining and logging companies

24
Q

What is the soil in hot deserts like?

A

Shallow
Coarse, gravelly texture
Hardly any leaf fall so not very fertile

25
Q

Name the 7 ways tropical rainforests can be sustainably managed

A 
Selective logging
Replanting
Reducing demand for hardwood
Education
Ecotourism
Reducing debt 
Protection
26
Q

Name the two less damaging forms of selective logging

A

Helicopter logging

Horse logging

27
Q

What are two examples of expensive hardwood tropical rainforests are cut down for?

A

Mahogany

Teak

28
Q

…………… ………. guarantee that borrowed money is spent on conservation- part of a country’s debt is paid off by someone else in exchange for investment in conservation.

A

Conservation swaps

29
Q

What is the case study for tropical rainforest deforestation?

A

The Amazon Rainforest

30
Q

How many km2 does the Amazon Rainforest cover?

A

8 million

31
Q

Since …… over ………..km2 of the Amazon rainforest has been destroyed by deforestation

A

1970

600,000km2

32
Q

Between 2000 and 2005, in the amazon, deforestation was caused by…

A 
60% cattle ranching 
33% small scale subsistence farming
3% logging
3% mining, urbanisation, roads, dams and fires 
1% large scale commercial farming
33
Q

Environmental and social impacts of deforestation in the Amazon?(5)

A

Habitat destruction
Release of co2

Local ways of life affected- eg Brazilian rubber tappers
Native tribes forced to move- eg Guarani tribe
Conflict between land owners, subsistence farmers and native people- eg 2009 Peru riots

34
Q

The number of endangered species in Brazil increased from …… in ….. to ….. in …..

A

218 in 1989

628 in 2008

35
Q

The Amazon stores around …… ……….. tonnes of carbon- deforestation will release some of this as CO2

A

100 million

36
Q

What is the tribe in Brazil that has had to move because their land was taken?

A

Guarani tribe

37
Q

What are the economic impacts of deforestation in the Amazon?(2)

A

Farming makes a lot of money- 2008 brazil made $6.9 billion from trading cattle

Mining industry creates jobs- eg Buenaventura Mining Company in Peru employ over 3100 people

Geography (3 decks)

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