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Geography > Physical Geography- The Costal Zone > Flashcards

Physical Geography- The Costal Zone Flashcards

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0
Q

How are headlands and bays formed?

A

Some types of rock are more resistant to erosion than others
Headlands and bays form where there are alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along the coast
Less resistant eg clay erodes quicker
More resistant eg chalk leaves a headland

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1
Q

How does freeze thaw weathering work?

A

Temp alternates between about and below 0
Water gets into cracks
Freezes-expands-pressure on rock
That’s-contracts-releases pressure
Repeated freeze thaw widens cracks and causes rocks to break up

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2
Q

What is carbonation?

A

Rain water has dissolved co2 which makes it a weak carbonic acid
Carbonic acid reacts with rock that contains calcium carbonate eg limestone, which dissolves the rock

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3
Q

Give an example of a spit

A

Spurn Head, Yorkshire

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4
Q

What is mass movement?

A

When material shifts down a slope as one under the influence of gravity

Rapid retreat of cliffs

More likely to happen when material is full of water (lubricant)

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5
Q

Give the main characteristics of a constructive wave

A

Low frequency
Low and strong
Powerful swash
Weak backwash

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6
Q

Give the main characteristics of a destructive wave

A

High frequency
High and steep
Powerful backwash
Which means material is removed from the beach

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7
Q

Why is sea level rising? (2)

A

Melting ice- eg the Antarctic ice sheet

Heating oceans- thermal expansion

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8
Q

Name and define the 4 processes of transportation?

A

Traction- larger particles pushed along sea floor
Suspension- small particles like silt and clay are carried along in water
Saltation- pebble sized particles bounce along sea bed by force of water
Solution- dissolved materials carried along

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9
Q

How does long shore drift occur?

A

waves follow the direction of the prevailing wind
They usually hit the coast at an angle
The awash carries material up the beach, the the wave direction
Then backwash carries material Down the beach at right angles to the sea due to gravity

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10
Q

What are the two types of mass movement?

A

Slides- straight line

Slumps- shifts with a rotation

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11
Q

How does a headland go to a crack, cave, arch, stack, stump?

A

Cracks are opened up by waves mainly by hydraulic power and abrasion until a cave forms
Repeated erosion makes a arch (e.g Durdle Door, Dorset)
Eventually arch collapses to form stack
(Eg old harry)

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12
Q

What increases the amount of deposition on a beach? (3)

A

Lots of erosion elsewhere on the coast- lots of material available

Lots of transportation of material into an area

Constructive waves

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13
Q

Social impacts of flooding in the Maldives?(2)

A

Houses damaged or destroyed

Less freshwater available

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14
Q

Name and define the 5 processes of erosion

A

Hydraulic Power- waves smash against rock and compress air
Abrasion-sand papering
Corrasion-fragments of rock gauging cliff face
Attrition-rocks in sea collide to form smaller pebbles
Solution-rocks dissolved by seawater

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15
Q

What’s the case study for costal habitats?

A

Studland bay, Dorset

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16
Q

What’s the difference between a sand and shingle beach?

A

Sand- flat and wide. sand particles are small and the weak backwash can move them down the beach, creating a long gentle slope

Shingle- steep and narrow. Large shingle particles cannot be moved by weak backwash, so build up to create steep slope

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17
Q

How much is sea level rising by per year?

A

2mm

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18
Q

What is mechanical weathering

A

Breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition. Insitu

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19
Q

Define soft engineering

A

A sustainable approach to managing the coast without using artificial structures

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20
Q

How are bars formed? What does it create?

A

When a spit joins two headlands together

A lagoon forms behind the bar

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21
Q

How are grebes and snakes and lizards adapted to Studland bay?

A

Grebes- birds five underwater to find food in the sea. feet are far back on body to help dive and be streamlined

Snakes and lizards- thick scaly skin to reduce water loss from their bodies. Also protects them from rough undergrowth on the heathland

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22
Q

What is rock armour and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

A

Piles of large boulders dumped at the foot of a cliff. Force waves to break and absorb their energy so protect the cliff. Rocks are brought in by barge to the coast

  • relatively cheap and easy to maintain
  • provide interest to the coast eg used for fishing
  • rocks usually from other parts of the coastline still expensive to transport
  • do not fit in with local geology
  • can be obtrusive
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23
Q

What is chemical weathering?

A

Breakdown of rock by changing its chemical composition

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24
Q

At Walton on the Naze 300 tonnes of …………… Was used for Rip rap in …….

A

Leicester granite

1988 (November)

25
Q

Social impacts of sea level rise (4)

A

Deaths

Loss of housing

Lower water supplies

Loss of jobs

26
Q

How is costal erosion at Walton on the Naze being/been managed?(6)

A

Sea wall and groynes built in 1977

Paths built to stop erosion by tourists

Vegetation (heather and elder) grown to stop cliffs regrading

Regraded cliff to stop slumping

1999- sand and gravel dredged from harwich harbour

300 tonnes of Leicester granite RIP rap 1988

27
Q

How are wave cut platforms formed?

A

Waves cause most erosion as foot of cliff
Forms a wave cut notch, enlargedrock above notch collapses
Collapsed material washed away
Repeats so the cliff retreats
Wave cut platform left behind under the water

28
Q

Give 5 examples of hard engineering

A 
Sea walls
Groynes
Revetments 
Rip rap (Boulder dumping) 
Gabions
29
Q

What is happening at Studland bay which is damaging?

A

The southern end of the bay is unprotected and being eroded

sandy beaches around the bay with sand dunes and heathland behind which is an SSSI and a nature reserve

30
Q

Environmental impacts of flooding in the Maldives (2)

A

Loss of beaches

Loss of soil (20cm deep avg)

31
Q

What is a sea wall, and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

A

-a concrete or rock barrier to the sea placed at the foot of cliffs or top of a beach. Has a curved face to reflect waves into the sea. Usually 3/5m high

  • effective at stopping the sea
  • often has a walkway or promenade for people to walk along
  • can be obtrusive and unnatural to look at
  • very expensive and high maintenance costs
32
Q

What are the causes of costal erosion at Walton on the Naze?

A

Red crag- water soaks in through this rock. Mix of gravel and sand
London clay- water cannot pass through but acts as a lubricant so the rock above slumps down the cliff
High tides erode the bottom of the cliff easily as it is clay
LSD is occurring from North East to South west taking the beach away

33
Q

Give 4 examples of the wildlife at Studland bay

A

Reptiles- adders, grass snakes, sand lizards, slow worms

Birds- dartford warblers, shelducks, grebes

Fish- only place in England where he spiny seahorse breeds

Plants- marram grass, Lyme grass, heather

34
Q

Define hard engineering

A

Building artificial structures such as sea walls to control natural processes (eg erosion)

35
Q

Political impacts of flooding in the Maldives?(3)

A

The Maldivian gov asked Japan to give them $60 million to build 3m sea wall that protects Malé the capital city

Carbon neutral policy

Changes to long term plans eg thinking of buying land in Australia and India

36
Q

Name the adaptations of the marram grass and Lyme grass at Studland bay

A

Marram-
folded leaves to reduce water loss as sand dunes are windy and dry which increases transpiration.
Long roots to take up water and stabilise itself in loose sand

Lyme- waxy leaves to reduce water loss by transpiration

37
Q

Within …. Years the Walton on the Naze tower could tumble into the sea

A

50

38
Q

3 economic impacts of sea level rising

A

Loss of tourism

Expensive repairs to damage

Loss of agricultural land

39
Q

Economic impacts of flooding in the Maldives?(2)

A

Loss of tourism- ie if main airport cannot work properly

Disrupted fishing industry- fish are the largest export so will reduce countries income

40
Q

In the Maldives the government had to ask the ……….. Government to give them $……….. To build the …..m high sea wall that protects the capital city- Malé

A

Japanese
60million
3

41
Q

What is the case study for costal erosion and costal management?

A

Walton on the Naze

42
Q

What is the case study for sea level rising?

What is the average island height about sea level?

How much of the land is below 1m?

A

Maldives

1.5m

80%

42
Q

Students results show that the cliff at Walton on the Naze has retreated ……m in ….years

A

9.6m in 6 years

43
Q

What is a groyne, and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

A

-a timber or rock structure build out to the coast. Try trap sediment being moved by LSD, thereby enlarging the beach, which means it’s harder to erode

  • results in a bigger beach- enhances tourist potential of the coast
  • provide usual structures for people fishing
  • not too expensive
  • interrupt LSD so often starve beaches down drift, leading to increased erosion there
  • seen as unattractive
44
Q

How deep is the average soil depth in the Maldives?

A

20cm or less

45
Q

What is beach nourishment and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

A

The addition of sand or shingle to an existing beach to make it bigger. Sediment usually obtained locally so blends in. Usually bought ashore by a barge

  • relatively cheap and easy to maintain
  • blends in with existing beach
  • increases tourist potential

-needs constant maintenance unless structures are built to retain beach

46
Q

What is marsh creation (managed retreat) and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

A

Allowing low lying coastal areas to be flooded by the sea to become salt marshes

  • cheap option compared to maintained sea defences
  • probably relatively low value land
  • creates habitat for wildlife
  • land lost
  • farmers or landowners not compensated
47
Q

The Naze is retreating at approximately ….m per year?

A

2

48
Q

How are sea horses in Studland bay affected by boats?

A

Their anchors are destroying the sea grass where seahorses live. Seahorses are protected by law so owners are being told not to damage the sea grass

49
Q

How are spits formed?

A

At sharp bends in the coastline
Swash and backwash moves material along the coast by LSD
Material is deposited on sheltered side of bend eg headland
Behind spit is sheltered so can become mud flat or salt marsh

49
Q

Give 4 examples of soft engineering

A

Beach nourishment
Cliff regrading
Do nothing
Vegetate areas

50
Q

The heathland being the dunes can be damaged by fires caused by things such as cigarettes. E.g. In 2008….

How are the national trust trying to stop this

A

A fire destroyed 6 acres of heathland.

The national trust is now educating visitors on the dangers of causing fire and has provided fire beaters to extinguish flames

51
Q

The national trust manages the sand dunes at Studland bay to reduce erosion from people walking across them-how?(3)

A

Boardwalks used to guide people over the dunes so sand beneath is protected

Some sand dunes are fenced off and have marram grass planted so the dunes have time to recover. Grass stabilises the sand

Info signs are put up to let visitors know why the sand dune habitat is important and how to enjoy it without damaging

52
Q

Environmental impacts of sea level rise (3)

A

Ecosystems affected

Vegetation killed by water eg uproot and drowning

Increased soil erosion

54
Q

Give an example of a less resistant rock that would be eroded to form a bay

A

Clay

56
Q

What two things were built in 1977 to protect Walton on the Naze?

A

Sea wall

Groynes

57
Q

Give an example of a resistant rock that would form a headland

A

Limestone/chalk

58
Q

Name some effects of erosion at Walton on the Naze (5)

A

Pill boxes on the beach were on top of the cliff in 1945, now 35m away

Results show the cliff has retreated 9.6m in 6 years

The Naze is eroding at aprox. 2m per year

The tower it threatened- within 50 yrs could tumble into the sea

Wildlife is threatened

59
Q

What is dune regeneration, and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

A

Marram grass planted in the dunes to stabilise them. Areas also fenced off to protect newly planted dunes

  • maintains a natural coastal environment that’s popular with people and wildlife
  • relatively cheap
  • time consuming to plant and fence areas
  • people do not always respond well to being prohibited from certain areas
  • can be damaged by storms
60
Q

At Walton on the Naze in 1999 sand and gravel was dredged from ……….

A

Harwich harbour

65
Q

The two types of rock that cause rotational slumping at Walton on the Naze are…

A

Red crag

London clay

Geography (3 decks)

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