Physical geography Flashcards
learn terms and undertandings
mitigation
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Atmospheric
a hazard linked to our weather and climate
geomorphological
a hazard from a natural landscape
biological
a hazard from a living organism
what part of the crust is the ocean on
sima
tectonic
a hazard linked to the structure f the earth
how many deaths were there in new zealand
185
what years did new zealand experience its earthquakes
2010+2011
how many homes needed to be rebuilt in new zealand
10,000+
what was there disruption to in new zealand
industrialvproduction,goods exportand and shortened activity
what boundaries do earthquakes usually occour on
convergent and constructive
how man huses were destroyed in new zealand
350
what was the earthquake magnittude (nepal)
7.8
what type of country is nepal and its population
developing 26.5 million
how much did new zealand have to re pay
20billion nz or 1 billion dolars
what percentage did tourism went down
40%
why is nepal a multi hazzerdnous zone
steep mountain landscape
what year did the nepal earthquake hit
2015
what is nepal exposed to
landslides, debris and floods aswell as earthquakes
what is a result of Nepals low development
local earthquake science and defeneces are very outdated
how old is the seizmic hazard map in Nepal
20 years
what year did the earthquake occour in Bam
2003
Stats about Kathmandu
growing at 4% a year
85% of the population is rual
many houses are self built and vulnerable
What does the jit model stand for
just in time
how many were killed in the bam earthquake
26,000
what magnotude was the bam earthquake
6.6
what form were the realeses of energy in
siesmic waves that were directly under the city
governance charecteristics
the rise of neo liberal ideology focusimg on market based logic
what was the hypocenter depth
7km along with the earthquake being shallow
why were many of the buildings vulnerable
due to the very old age being over 2400 years old
what does hilp mean
high impact low probability event
when did Eyjafiallajokull- iceland erupt
march 2010 for the first time in 190years
how many flights did jokull ground
10000 worst disruption since 9/11
A03 points on jokull
airfrieght shut down however it did not make up for a large amount of world trade by weight
what happened on the 15 of April
ash plume from the eruption effected most of Europe
what was the magnitude of the Tohoku tsunami in Japan
9.0 earthquake
how many deaths were there in the tsunami of tohou and how many were over 60 years old?
16000 dead approximtley 63% of them were aged 60+
What power station did it effect
Fukushima power station
isostic defenition
At the end of the glacial period the ice melts and the crust can rebound
the land is rising not the sea level
how many people were lost in the tohoku tsunami
around 4000
what effecte did it have on the goverment
people had a lack of trust for the goverment and nuclear energy policy
what were some of the secondary effects
disabled power supply + contaminated were leaked into the pacific ocean and fishing grounds
what has more deaths californa or phillippines
the anual deaths far exceed the long term average of california
what are the main risk in the philipines
typhoons typically 5 or 6 a year
what countries are multi hazard zones
italy calafornia japan and indonesea
how much does the phillippines spend of its gdp on cleaning after typhoons
2%
volcaneo in the phillippines are frequent and violent due to –
andestic magma ash, pyroclastic flows
are landslides frequent in california and phillippines
yes but they have different affects
is forcasting an earthquake easy or hard
easy in the long term then short term
is predicting a earthquake easy or hard
hard and tricky
eustatic defenition
occurs when there is a global change in the amount of water stored in the oceans, or a change in the geometry of the ocean basins which alters the volume of water they can hold.
foreshore
the beach zone where something is affected by high and low tides through the day
offshore
the sea
backshore
behind the beach, only reached by waves when a spring tide occours or during a storm event
near shore
shallow water zone used for fishing and activities
what are the four littoral zones
offshore, nearshore, foreshore and backshore.
con cordinate coastline
is more smooth
discordinate
less smooth and more hilly
Notation of chalk cliffs
transition from sea to land is abrupt
at low tide the foreshore zone is exposed as a wave cut platform
notations of chalk cliffs
at high tide the sandy beach is induated but the vegetated dunes are not
easturaine coastline
extensive mud flaps cut by channels are exposed at low tide but inundated at high tide
closer to the backshore
the mud flats are vegetated forming a salt marsh
salt marsh
coastal wetlands that are flooded and drained by salt water brought in by the tides
when mud and silt are deposited along a sheltered part of the coastline
spit
depositional coastal landform that forms by longshore drift.
tombolo
when a spit connects the mainland coast to an island
marine erosion
a type of erosion facilitated by wave and tidal action.
cliff erosion beach erosion headland erosion
costal erosion
the process by which local sea level rise, strong wave action, and coastal flooding wear down or carry away rocks, soils, and/or sands along the coast.
what is esturaine erosion
Tidal forces can erode the banks of estuaries, altering habitats and affecting local ecosystems.
what are the types of weathering
chemical (solution carbonation oxidation hyrdolosyis)
biological (root expansion organic acids animal activity
mechanical(freeze thaw thermal expansion abrasion Exfoliation)
what percentage of people died to landslides due to siesmic activity
70%
what playte boundary is between north american plate and eurasian plate
construtive
what is the benioff zone
point of subduction
three primary volcanic hazards
ash cloud pyroclstic flows magma
what is the fault line
boundary between plates
seaward dip
low angle profile that may exceed 90 degreees which produces areas of overhanging rock meaning its vulnerable to rockfall
what minerals react to weathering
calcite found in limestone
quartz in sandstone wont
dip high angle
low angle profile with one rock layer fcing the sea
its vulnerabale to rock slides down the dip slope
horizontal dip
vertical or near vertical profile with notches reflecting strata that are more easily eroded
what is a xerophyte
plants that can tolerate dry conditons
landward dip
steep profiles of 70-80 degree producing a very stable cliff with reduced rockfall
factors that effect cliff profile
fault fractures- at either side of the fault line weakening he rock
joint-divides the rock strata into different blocks
fissures-small cracks in the rock
what is a halophyte
a plant that can tolerate sea water and salt spry
what is plant succesion
when vegetation grows and changes overtime in an area previously uninhabited by vegetation
what can permeable rocks lead to
poresforming in the
esturaies
partially enclosed, coastal water body where freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with salt water from the ocean
what is the pionner stage
roots begeing to stabalise the mud allowing further mud orentation
what is the establishmeant stage
a area of the salt marsh that is rarley submerged
climax vegetation
developed soil profile and only submerged once or twice a year
constructiuve waves
low in hieght and have a wide troff along with stronger swashes then back swashes
attrition
rocks and pebbles carried in the flow where they repeatedly crash into eacother
