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sociology > Physical geography > Flashcards

Physical geography Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

mitigation

A

v

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2
Q

Atmospheric

A

a hazard linked to our weather and climate

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3
Q

geomorphological

A

a hazard from a natural landscape

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3
Q

biological

A

a hazard from a living organism

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4
Q

what part of the crust is the ocean on

A

sima

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4
Q

tectonic

A

a hazard linked to the structure f the earth

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5
Q

how many deaths were there in new zealand

A

185

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5
Q

what years did new zealand experience its earthquakes

A

2010+2011

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5
Q

how many homes needed to be rebuilt in new zealand

A

10,000+

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6
Q

what was there disruption to in new zealand

A

industrialvproduction,goods exportand and shortened activity

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6
Q

what boundaries do earthquakes usually occour on

A

convergent and constructive

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6
Q

how man huses were destroyed in new zealand

A

350

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7
Q

what was the earthquake magnittude (nepal)

A

7.8

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7
Q

what type of country is nepal and its population

A

developing 26.5 million

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8
Q

how much did new zealand have to re pay

A

20billion nz or 1 billion dolars

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8
Q

what percentage did tourism went down

A

40%

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9
Q

why is nepal a multi hazzerdnous zone

A

steep mountain landscape

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9
Q

what year did the nepal earthquake hit

A

2015

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10
Q

what is nepal exposed to

A

landslides, debris and floods aswell as earthquakes

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11
Q

what is a result of Nepals low development

A

local earthquake science and defeneces are very outdated

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12
Q

how old is the seizmic hazard map in Nepal

A

20 years

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12
Q

what year did the earthquake occour in Bam

A

2003

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13
Q

Stats about Kathmandu

A

growing at 4% a year
85% of the population is rual
many houses are self built and vulnerable

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13
Q

What does the jit model stand for

A

just in time

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13
Q

how many were killed in the bam earthquake

A

26,000

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14
Q

what magnotude was the bam earthquake

A

6.6

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14
Q

what form were the realeses of energy in

A

siesmic waves that were directly under the city

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15
Q

governance charecteristics

A

the rise of neo liberal ideology focusimg on market based logic

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15
Q

what was the hypocenter depth

A

7km along with the earthquake being shallow

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16
Q

why were many of the buildings vulnerable

A

due to the very old age being over 2400 years old

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17
Q

what does hilp mean

A

high impact low probability event

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17
Q

when did Eyjafiallajokull- iceland erupt

A

march 2010 for the first time in 190years

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17
Q

how many flights did jokull ground

A

10000 worst disruption since 9/11

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17
Q

A03 points on jokull

A

airfrieght shut down however it did not make up for a large amount of world trade by weight

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17
Q

what happened on the 15 of April

A

ash plume from the eruption effected most of Europe

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18
Q

what was the magnitude of the Tohoku tsunami in Japan

A

9.0 earthquake

18
Q

how many deaths were there in the tsunami of tohou and how many were over 60 years old?

A

16000 dead approximtley 63% of them were aged 60+

18
Q

What power station did it effect

A

Fukushima power station

19
Q

isostic defenition

A

At the end of the glacial period the ice melts and the crust can rebound
the land is rising not the sea level

19
Q

how many people were lost in the tohoku tsunami

A

around 4000

19
Q

what effecte did it have on the goverment

A

people had a lack of trust for the goverment and nuclear energy policy

19
Q

what were some of the secondary effects

A

disabled power supply + contaminated were leaked into the pacific ocean and fishing grounds

19
Q

what has more deaths californa or phillippines

A

the anual deaths far exceed the long term average of california

20
Q

what are the main risk in the philipines

A

typhoons typically 5 or 6 a year

20
Q

what countries are multi hazard zones

A

italy calafornia japan and indonesea

20
Q

how much does the phillippines spend of its gdp on cleaning after typhoons

A

2%

20
Q

volcaneo in the phillippines are frequent and violent due to –

A

andestic magma ash, pyroclastic flows

20
Q

are landslides frequent in california and phillippines

A

yes but they have different affects

20
Q

is forcasting an earthquake easy or hard

A

easy in the long term then short term

21
Q

is predicting a earthquake easy or hard

A

hard and tricky

21
Q

eustatic defenition

A

occurs when there is a global change in the amount of water stored in the oceans, or a change in the geometry of the ocean basins which alters the volume of water they can hold.

22
Q

foreshore

A

the beach zone where something is affected by high and low tides through the day

22
Q

offshore

A

the sea

22
Q

backshore

A

behind the beach, only reached by waves when a spring tide occours or during a storm event

22
Q

near shore

A

shallow water zone used for fishing and activities

22
Q

what are the four littoral zones

A

offshore, nearshore, foreshore and backshore.

23
Q

con cordinate coastline

A

is more smooth

24
Q

discordinate

A

less smooth and more hilly

25
Q

Notation of chalk cliffs

A

transition from sea to land is abrupt
at low tide the foreshore zone is exposed as a wave cut platform

26
Q

notations of chalk cliffs

A

at high tide the sandy beach is induated but the vegetated dunes are not

27
Q

easturaine coastline

A

extensive mud flaps cut by channels are exposed at low tide but inundated at high tide
closer to the backshore
the mud flats are vegetated forming a salt marsh

28
Q

salt marsh

A

coastal wetlands that are flooded and drained by salt water brought in by the tides
when mud and silt are deposited along a sheltered part of the coastline

28
Q

spit

A

depositional coastal landform that forms by longshore drift.

29
Q

tombolo

A

when a spit connects the mainland coast to an island

30
Q

marine erosion

A

a type of erosion facilitated by wave and tidal action.
cliff erosion beach erosion headland erosion

30
Q

costal erosion

A

the process by which local sea level rise, strong wave action, and coastal flooding wear down or carry away rocks, soils, and/or sands along the coast.

30
Q

what is esturaine erosion

A

Tidal forces can erode the banks of estuaries, altering habitats and affecting local ecosystems.

31
Q

what are the types of weathering

A

chemical (solution carbonation oxidation hyrdolosyis)
biological (root expansion organic acids animal activity
mechanical(freeze thaw thermal expansion abrasion Exfoliation)

31
Q

what percentage of people died to landslides due to siesmic activity

A

70%

31
Q

what playte boundary is between north american plate and eurasian plate

A

construtive

32
Q

what is the benioff zone

A

point of subduction

33
Q

three primary volcanic hazards

A

ash cloud pyroclstic flows magma

34
Q

what is the fault line

A

boundary between plates

35
Q

seaward dip

A

low angle profile that may exceed 90 degreees which produces areas of overhanging rock meaning its vulnerable to rockfall

35
Q

what minerals react to weathering

A

calcite found in limestone
quartz in sandstone wont

35
Q

dip high angle

A

low angle profile with one rock layer fcing the sea
its vulnerabale to rock slides down the dip slope

35
Q

horizontal dip

A

vertical or near vertical profile with notches reflecting strata that are more easily eroded

35
Q

what is a xerophyte

A

plants that can tolerate dry conditons

35
Q

landward dip

A

steep profiles of 70-80 degree producing a very stable cliff with reduced rockfall

35
Q

factors that effect cliff profile

A

fault fractures- at either side of the fault line weakening he rock
joint-divides the rock strata into different blocks
fissures-small cracks in the rock

36
Q

what is a halophyte

A

a plant that can tolerate sea water and salt spry

37
Q

what is plant succesion

A

when vegetation grows and changes overtime in an area previously uninhabited by vegetation

37
Q

what can permeable rocks lead to

A

poresforming in the

38
Q

esturaies

A

partially enclosed, coastal water body where freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with salt water from the ocean

39
Q

what is the pionner stage

A

roots begeing to stabalise the mud allowing further mud orentation

40
Q

what is the establishmeant stage

A

a area of the salt marsh that is rarley submerged

40
Q

climax vegetation

A

developed soil profile and only submerged once or twice a year

41
Q

constructiuve waves

A

low in hieght and have a wide troff along with stronger swashes then back swashes

41
Q

attrition

A

rocks and pebbles carried in the flow where they repeatedly crash into eacother

sociology (3 decks)

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