Physical Examination of Urine Flashcards
Preferred container for Urine Specimen in Adults:
Disposable, wide-mouthed, flat-bottom containers with screw caps
What is the capacity of a usual container for Urine Specimen?
50ml capacity
If the patient is pediatric, what type of container is used for the collection of Urine Sample?
Adhesive bags
If collecting a 24-hour specimen, what type of container is used to collect Urine Sample?
Large plastic bag
True or False:
We do not have to wear gloves when working or handling the urine specimen.
False
We have to wear gloves when working with urine specimens.
What are the information placed on the Label?
Patient’s Name
ID Number
Date
Time
Additional Information: Age, Location, Physician
Where is the Label placed?
The label is placed on the container, not on the lid.
Reasons why a Specimen is rejected:
▪Unlabeled containers
▪Non-matching labels and requisitions
▪Contaminated specimens
▪Contaminated containers
▪Insufficient quantity
▪Delayed or improper transport
It checks for the metabolic end products that provides useful information on the disease state of the individual.
Urinalysis
It is the first information contained on a Routine Urinalysis report.
Physical Examination of the Urine
The Physical Examination on Urine provides initial information on the health status of the patient based on the following parameters:
Urine Odor
Color
Transparency
pH
Specific Gravity
Volume
Freshly voided Urine has a what type of Odor?
Faint odor of aromatic compounds
_____ odor becomes predominant as the Urine Specimen stands.
Ammoniacal
Bacterial Infections in Urine produces what Odor?
Foul, pungent odor
Diabetic ketosis in Urine produces what Odor?
Sweet or fruity odor
What is the Normal Color of the Urine?
Yellow
Factors that cause variation in Urine Color?
Diet
Physical Activity
Medication
Disease
A Normal Yellow Urine may also contain analyte that signifies a disease such as:
Glucose
Ketones
The general term pertaining to the Clarity of the specimen.
Transparency
Transparency of the Urine is determined by _____
Visually examining the mixed specimen while holding it in front of light source.
The transparency of a freshly voided Normal Urine is usually _____
Clear
White Cloudiness on the Urine Transparency may appear because of the presence of:
Amorphous urates
Phosphates
Carbonates
Calcium oxalate
Uric acid crystals
Identify the Urine Clarity based on the given descriptions:
No visible particulates, transparent.
Clear
Identify the Urine Clarity based on the given descriptions:
Few particulates, print easily seen through urine.
Hazy
Identify the Urine Clarity based on the given descriptions:
Many particulates, print is blurred through urine.
Cloudy
Identify the Urine Clarity based on the given descriptions:
Print cannot be seen through urine.
Turbid
Identify the Urine Clarity based on the given descriptions:
May precipitate or be clotted.
Milky
The Four most common substances that cause turbidity aside from Amorphous crystals are:
White Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
Epithelial Cells
Bacteria
Fill in the blanks:
The clarity of a specimen certainly provides a key to microscopic examination results because the _____ should correspond with the amount of material observed under the microscope.
Degree of turbidity
Fill in the blanks:
The clarity of a specimen certainly provides a key to microscopic examination results because the degree of turbidity should correspond with _____.
The amount of material observed under the microscope
It is the reflection of the ability of the kidney to maintain normal hydrogen ion concentration in plasma and extracellular fluid.
pH
Fill in the blanks:
Normal adults with normal fluid intake will produce urine with a specific gravity of _____ during a 24 hours period.
1.016 to 1.022
Fill in the blanks:
Normal adults with normal fluid intake will produce urine with a specific gravity of 1.016 to 1.022 during _____
24 hours period
What are the Methods used to measure the Specific Gravity of a Urine?
Refractometry
Reagent Strip
Hydrometry
It is based on the measurement of the refractive index of a solution which is related to the content of dissolved solids present.
Refractometry
Refractometry Method to measure the Specific Gravity of a urine used what type of instrument?
Refractometer
It is an indirect colorimetric determination of the Specific Gravity.
Reagent Strip
The method detects only the ionic solutes present in the Urine Specimen.
Reagent Strip
The Reagent Strip Method used to measure the Specific Gravity of a Urine is a chemical method consists of a _____ impregnated with a _____, _____, and _____.
Reagent test pad
Polyelectrolyte
pH indicator
Maintained at an alkaline pH
It is based on the determination of Urine’s Density at room temperature.
Hydrometry
Principle of Hydrometry Method:
Density
Major disadvantage of using Urinometer to measure the Specific Gravity of the Urine:
Requires a large volume (10-15ml)
The Hydrometry Method used to measure the Specific Gravity of the Urine uses what type of Instrument?
Urinometer (Hydrometer)
If the Litmus Paper turns blue the urine is _____
Alkaline
If the Litmus Paper turns red the urine is _____
Acidic
If the Litmus Paper turns _____ the urine is alkaline.
Blue
If the Litmus Paper turns _____ the urine is acidic.
Red
What is the step-by-step procedure to check for the Color and Clarity of the Urine?
- Evaluate an adequate volume of specimen.
- Use a well-mixed urine specimen.
- Transfer and view the urine through a clear container.
- View the urine against a white background using adequate room lighting.
- Record the result.
What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the pH of the Urine using a Litmus Paper?
- Dip a small strip of litmus paper into the urine specimen.
- Observe for the reaction. Litmus paper turns blue if urine is alkaline and red if acidic.
- Record the results.
What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the pH of the Urine using a Nitrazine Paper?
- Dip a small strip of nitrazine paper into the urine specimen.
- Remove and stand for one minute.
- Compare with the color chart. The pH reads from 4.5 (yellow) to 7.5 (blue).
- Record the results.
What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the Specific Gravity of the Urine using a Hydrometer or Urinometer?
- Mix the urine and allow it to come to room temperature.
- Fill the glass cylinder designed for specific gravity determination 3/4 full of urine.
- Remove foam using a piece of filter paper
- Place the urinometer float inside the cylinder and position the glass cylinder at an eye level.
- Rotate the float without touching the sides of the cylinder.
- Read the scale of the stem of the float at the lower meniscus of the urine to get the specific gravity reading.
- Record the reading.
What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the Specific Gravity of the Urine using a Refractometer? (Scale Adjustment)
- Before measuring the urine specific gravity, the instrument should be checked as follows:
- Raise the daylight plate and place a few drops of distilled water on the face of the prism. Close the cover plate gently.
- Bring the scale into focus by turning the eyepiece. If the boundary line does not coincide with 1.000 line of 1.333 line, make an adjustment by turning the scale adjusting screw.
What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the Specific Gravity of the Urine using a Refractometer? (Measuring Method)
- Open the daylight plate and place one or two drops of the sample on the prism surface. Close the daylight plate gently so that the plate comes into contact with the prism.
- Point the end of the refractometer in the direction of a bright light, rotate the eyepiece while looking through it until the image is correctly adjusted and the scale become cleanly visible.
- A boundary line, which separates the brighter and darker sides at the upper and lower portions respectively, appears in the field of vision.
-The reading is shown by this boundary line and indicates the Urine Specific Gravity (or Refractive Index)
The Reagent Strip reaction is based on the change in _____ in an alkaline medium.
pKa (dissociation constant) of a polyelectrolyte
What is the step-by-step procedure in testing for the Specific Gravity of the Urine using a Reagent Strip?
- Mix the urine specimen.
- Remove a reagent strip from the storage container and close the container.
- Immerse the entire strip in the urine.
- Remove the strip and blot the edge on absorbent paper to remove excess urine.
- Start a timer and read reactions at appropriate time intervals by comparing the reagent strip colors to the color chart on the reagent container.
- Record the results.
