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Aubf Lec (2.1) > physical Examination Of The Urine > Flashcards

physical Examination Of The Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Give Normal Urine Colors:

A

Pale yellow, yellow, dark yellow, and amber

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2
Q

URINE Color based on:

A

◦ normal metabolic functions
◦ physical activity
◦ingested materials
◦ pathologic conditions

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3
Q

Responsibility of the laboratory to determine whether this color change is normal or pathologic.

A

Determining urine color

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4
Q

Who discover the urochrome in the urine

A

Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Thudichum 1864

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5
Q

It produce yellow color

A

Urochrome

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6
Q

Urochrome increased amounts produced in thyroid conditions and fasting states

A

thyroid conditions and fasting states

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7
Q

product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions the body produces it at a constant rate

A

Urochrome

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8
Q

It produce pink pigment

A

Uroerythrin

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9
Q

most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated

A

Uroerythrin

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10
Q

attaches to the urates, producing a pink color to the sediment.

A

Uroerythrin

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11
Q

an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen

A

Urobilin

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12
Q

imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh

A

Urobilin

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13
Q

Commonly observed with random specimens

A

Colorless

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14
Q

Pale yellow caused by

A

◦ Polyuria or diabetes insipidus
◦ Diabetes mellitus
◦ Dilute random specimen

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15
Q

Increased secretion of urine in 24-hour volume

A

Polyuria or diabetes insipidus

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16
Q

Elevated specific gravity and positive glucose test result

A

Diabetes mellitus

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17
Q

Recent fluid consumption

A

Dilute random specimen

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18
Q

It is Concentrated specimen

A

Dark yellow

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19
Q

Dehydration from fever or burns

A

Amber

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20
Q

Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

A

Yellow-green to Yellow-brown

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21
Q

Colored foam in acidic urine and false-negative chemical test results for bilirubin

A

Yellow-green to Yellow-brown

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22
Q

Yellow foam when shaken and positive chemical test results for __________

A

Bilirubin

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23
Q

Negative bile test results and possible green fluorescence

A

Acriflavine

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24
Q

Drug commonly administered for urinary
tract infections

A

Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)

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25
Q

Anticoagulant, orange in alkaline urine, colorless in acid urine

A

Phenindione

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26
Q

Antibiotic administered for urinary tract infections

A

Nitrofurantoin

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27
Q

Cloudy urine with positive chemical test results for blood and __________ visible microscopically

A

RBCs

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28
Q

Clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood; intravascular hemolysis

A

Hemoglobin

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29
Q

Clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood; muscle damage

A

Myoglobin

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30
Q

Port wine colored urine

A

Porphyrins

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31
Q

Porphyrins Detected with ________________or ____________ under
ultraviolet light

A

Watson-Schwartz
screening test or fluorescence

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32
Q

Pink to red that gives color:

A

• RBC
• hemoglobin
• myoglobin
• porphyrins
• beets
• rifampin
• menstrual contamination

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33
Q

Cloudy specimen with RBCs, mucus, etc

A

Menstrual contamination

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34
Q

Brown to Black that gives color

A

• Homogentisic acid
• Melanin
• Argyrol
• Phenol derivatives
• RBCs oxidized to methemoglobin
• Methyldopa or levodopa
• Metronidazole (Flagyl)

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35
Q

Brown to Black that gives color

A

• Homogentisic acid
• Melanin
• Argyrol
• Phenol derivatives
• RBCs oxidized to methemoglobin
• Methyldopa or levodopa
• Metronidazole (Flagyl)

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36
Q

Seen in acidic urine after standing; positive chemical test result for blood

A

RBC oxidized to methemoglobin

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37
Q

Seen in alkaline urine after standing; specific tests are available

A

Homogentisic acid (alkaptonuria)

38
Q

Urine darkens on standing and reacts with nitroprusside and ferric chloride

A

Melanin

39
Q

Interfere with copper reduction tests

A

Phenol derivatives

40
Q

Color disappears with ferric chloride

A

Argyrol (antiseptic)

41
Q

Antihypertensive

A

Methyldopa or levodopa

42
Q

Darkens on standing

A

Metronidazole (Flagyl)

43
Q

GreeN / BLUE-green that gives color

A

• Pseudomonas infection
• phenol
• Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
• Amitriptyline
• Clorets
• Indican
• methylene blue

44
Q

cause a stable white foam to be
produced when urine is poured or
agitated

A

URINE WITH LARGE AMOUNT OF
PROTEIN (ALBUMIN)

45
Q

Common terms used to report the appearance of urine are:

A

Clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, and milky

46
Q

No visible particulates, transparent.

A

Clear

47
Q

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine.

A

Hazy

48
Q

Many particulates, print blurred through urine.

A

Cloudy

49
Q

Print cannot be seen through urine.

A

Turbid

50
Q

May precipitate or be clotted.

A

Milky

51
Q

Pathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity

A

• RBCs
• WBCs
• Bacteria
• Yeast
• Nonsquamous epithelial cells
• Abnormal crystals
• Lymph laid
• Lipids

52
Q

Nonpathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity

A

• Squamous epithelial cells
• Mucus
• Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, unates
• Semen, spermatozoa
• Fecal contamination
• Radiographic contrast media
• Talcum powder
• Vaginal creams

53
Q

Laboratory Correlations in Urine Turbidity:

A

• Acidic Urine
• Alkaline Urine
• Soluble With Heat
• Soluble in Dilute Acetic Acid
• Insoluble in Dilute Acetic Acid
• Soluble in Ether

54
Q

detects possible dehydration or abnormalities in antidiuretic hormone

A

Specific gravity

55
Q

___________ of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature

A

Density

56
Q

Direct method used in specific gravity

A

• Urinometer or hydrometer
• Harmonic oscillation densitometry

57
Q

Indirect method used in specific gravity

A

• Refractometer
• reagent strip

58
Q

Urinometer (hydrometer) principle

A

Density

59
Q

Major disadvantage of Urinometer (hydrometer)

A

◦ Requires large volume (10-15ml)
◦ Spinning motion
◦ Read at lower meniscus

60
Q

Urinometer (hydrometer)
Temperature Sensitive

A

20 degree Celsius

61
Q

Glucose & Protein sensitive:

A
  • 1 g/dl protein subtract 0.003
  • 1g/dl glucose subtract 0.004
62
Q

Refractometer Principle:

A

refractive index

63
Q

Refractometer advantage:

A

• Small volume (1 or 2 drops)
• Temperature compensated bet. 15-38°C

64
Q

is a comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution.

A

Refractive index

65
Q

REFRACTOMETER calibration:

A

◦1.000 (dH2O)
◦1.022 ± 0.001 (5% NaCl)
◦1.034 ± 0.001 (9% sucrose)

66
Q

Harmonic oscillation densitometry Principle

A

Density

67
Q

The frequency of a sound wave
entering a solution changes in
proportion to the density of the

A

Harmonic oscillation densitometry

68
Q

Harmonic oscillation densitometry Results are linear up to a specific gravity of

A

1.080

69
Q

Uses mass gravity meter

A

Harmonic oscillation densitometry

70
Q

Reagent strip Method Principle:

A

changes of a polyelectrolyte

71
Q

SPECIFIC GRAVITY of Isosthenuric

A

1.010 SG OF URINE

72
Q

SPECIFIC GRAVITY of Hyposthenuric

A

< 1.010 SG OF URINE

73
Q

SPECIFIC GRAVITY of Hypersthenuric

A

> 1.010 SG OF URINE

74
Q

Specimen with SG of __________ probably are not urine!

A

1.003

75
Q

SG of random specimen falls between _______ & __________

A

1.015 and 1.030

76
Q

Abnormally high SO results are seen:

A

> 1.035

77
Q

Freshly voided urine

A

Aromatic odor

78
Q

Prolonged standing of specimen and Breakdown of urea

A

Ammoniacal odor

79
Q

Odor: Aromatic
cause:

A

Normal

80
Q

Odor: Foul, ammonia-like
Cause:

A

Bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection

81
Q

Odor: Fruity, sweet
Cause:

A

Ketones (Diabetes Mellitus, Starvation, Vomiting)

82
Q

Odor: Maple syrup
Cause:

A

Maple syrup urine disease

83
Q

Odor: Mousy
Cause:

A

Phenylketonuria

84
Q

Odor: Rancid
Cause:

A

Tyrosinemia

85
Q

Odor: Sweaty feet
Cause:

A

Isovaleric acidemia

86
Q

Odor: Cabbage
Cause:

A

Methionine malabsorption

87
Q

Odor: Bleach
Cause:

A

Contamination (Semen)

88
Q

Odor: Rotting fish
Cause:

A

Trimethylaminuria

89
Q

Odor: Menthol
Cause:

A

Phenol

90
Q

Odor: Sulfur odor
Cause:

A

Cystinuria

Aubf Lec (2.1) (6 decks)

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