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Aubf Lec (2.1) > Chemical Examination Of The Urine > Flashcards

Chemical Examination Of The Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Reagent Strip: Simple, rapid means for performing medically significant chemical analysis of urine

A
  • glucose
  • ketones
  • blood
  • protein
  • nitrite
  • bilirubin
  • specific gravity
  • pH
  • urobilinogen
  • leukocytes
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2
Q

chemical-impregnated absorbent pads attached to a plastic strip.

A

Reagent strip

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3
Q

interpreted by comparing the color produced on the pad with a chart supplied by the manufacturer.

A

Reagent strip

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4
Q

Care of Reagent Strips:

A

• Store with desiccant in an opaque, tightly closed container.
• Store below 30C; do not freeze.
• Do not expose to volatile fumes.
• Do not use past the expiration date.
• Do not use if chemical pads become discolored.
• Remove strips immediately prior to use.

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5
Q

Quality Control of Reagent Strips:

A

• Test open bottles of reagent strips with known positive and negative controls every 24 hr.
• Resolve control results that are out of range by further testing.
• Test reagents used in backup tests with positive and negative controls.
• Perform positive and negative controls on new reagents and newly
opened bottles of reagent strips.
• Record all control results and reagent lot numbers.

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6
Q

Major regulator of acid-base content of the body

A

Lung and kidney

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7
Q

Reabsorbed in CT

A

HCO3

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8
Q

First morning Urine (healthy individuals) pH

A

5.0-6.0 pH

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9
Q

Normal Random sample pH

A

4.5-8.0 pH

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10
Q

Acid urine causes:

A

• Emphysema
• Diabetes mellitus
• Starvation
• Dehydration
• Diarrhea
• Presence of acid- producing
bacteria (Escherichia coli)
• High-protein diet
• Cranberry juice
• Medications

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11
Q

Alkaline Urine causes:

A

• Hyperventilation
• Vomiting
• Renal tubular acidosis
• Presence of urease-
producing bacteria
• Vegetarian diet
• Old specimens

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12
Q

pH (Clinical Significance):

A

• Respiratory or metabolic acidosis/ketosis
• Renal calculi formation
• Treatment of urinary tract infections
• identification of crystals
• Determination of unsatisfactory specimens

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13
Q

Reagent Strip Reaction Measures pH between:

A

5-9 pH

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14
Q

Reagent Strip Reaction Measures pH between:

A

5-9 pH

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15
Q

pH (Reagent Strip Reaction) principle:

A

DOUBLE-INDICATOR SYSTEM OF METHYL RED AND BROMTHYMOL BLUE.

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16
Q

Methyl red pH range and color change

A

red to yellow; 4-6 pH

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17
Q

Bromthymol blue pH range and color change

A

Yellow to blue; 6-9 pH

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18
Q

Orange pH

A

5 pH

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19
Q

Green pH

A

9 pH

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20
Q

Prevent runover between pH and CHON

A

false acidic Reading

21
Q

Most indicative of renal disease

A

Protein

22
Q

early renal dse

A

Proteinuria

23
Q

NV: protein

A

<10mg/dL or 100mg/24h (usually albumin)

24
Q

Does not always signify renal disease and Presence requires additional testing

A

Proteinuria

25
Q

Clinical proteinuria: mg/dL

A

≥ 30mg/dL or 300 mg/L

26
Q

Type of proteinuria

A

◦Pre-renal proteinuria
◦Renal proteinuria
◦Post-Renal proteinuria

27
Q

Protein (Pre-renal Proteinuria) Frequently transient

A

• Hemoglobin
• Myoglobin
• APR due to inflammation
• Not usually discovered in routine urinalysis

28
Q

Clinical Significance of Urine Protein: Pre- renal proteinuria

A

Bence Jones Protein

29
Q

Clinical Significance of Urine Protein: Protein (Renal Proteinuria)

A

GLOMERULAR PROTEINURIA
TUBULAR PROTEINURIA
ORTHOSTATIC (POSTURAL) PROTEINURIA
MICROALBUMINURIA

30
Q

Clinical Significance of Urine Protein: Post-renal Proteinuria

A

• Bacterial and fungal infections and inflammation
• Injury/trauma

31
Q

Protein (Reagent Strip) principle:

A

Protein error of indicators

32
Q

Protein (Reagent Strip) Reagent:

Multistix

Chemstrip

A

Multistix: Tetrabromphenol blue

Chemstrip: 3’, 3’’, 5’, 5’’ tetrachlorophenol 3,4,5,6-
tetrabromosulfophthalein

33
Q

Protein (Reagent Strip) sensitivity:

Multistix

Chemstrip

A

Multistix: 15–30 mg/dL albumin
Chemstrip: 6 mg/dL albumin

34
Q

Other Albumin Qualitative test
General Principle:

A

Precipitation of protein by heat and coagulation by chemical reagents

35
Q

Heat and Acetic Acid
Reagent:
(+) Result:

A

◦Reagent: Acetic Acid
◦(+) Result: White Cloudiness

36
Q

Sulfosalycilic Acid (SSA)/ Exton’s Test
Reagent:
(+) Result:

A

Reagent: Sulfosalicylic Acid or Sodium Sulfate
(+) Result: White ring at zone of contact

37
Q

Heller’s Ring Test
◦ Reagent:
◦(+) Result:

A

◦ Reagent: Concentrated nitric acid
◦(+) Result: White opaque ring

38
Q

most frequent chemical analysis performed on urine

A

Glucose

39
Q

Purdy’s Test
◦ Reagent:
◦(+) Result:

A

◦ Reagent: 50% Acetic Acid
◦(+) Result: White cloudiness

40
Q

Picric Acid Test
◦Reagent:
◦(+) Result:

A

◦Reagent: Saturated solution of picric acid
◦(+) Result: precipitation

41
Q

Robert’s Ring Test
◦Reagent:
◦(+) Result:

A

◦Reagent: Magnesium sulfate or concentrated nitric acid
◦(+) Result: white ring at the zone of contact

42
Q

Potassium Ferrocyanide Test
◦Reagent:
◦(+) Result:

A

◦Reagent: Glacial acetic acid and K ferrocyanide
◦(+) Result: Cloudiness (proteases)

43
Q

Clinical Significance: glucose
◦DM = ___________
◦ ___________ = tubular transport of glucose ceases - 180 mg/dl

A

Hyperglycemia
Glycosuria

44
Q

Hyperglycemia- Associated

A

Diabetes mellitus
Pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer
Acromegaly
Cushing syndrome
Hyperthyroidism
Pheochromocytoma
CNS damage
Stress
Gestational diabetes

45
Q

Renal-Associated

A

Fanconi syndrome
Advanced renal disease
Osteomalacia
Pregnancy

46
Q

Interference (Glucose Oxidase) false positives

A

Contamination by
oxidizing agents

47
Q

Interference (Glucose Oxidase) false negative

A

• High levels of ascorbic acid
• High levels of ketones
• High specific gravity
• Low temperatures
• Improperly preserved specimens

48
Q

relies on the ability of glucose and other substances to
reduce copper sulfate to cuprous oxide in the presence of
alkali and heat.

A

Copper Reduction Test

49
Q

Other sugars

A

Fructose
Maltose
Galactose
Pentose
Lactose

Aubf Lec (2.1) (6 decks)

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