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Physical Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Colour of Phenolphthalein in acid and alkaline

A

Colourless in acidic solutions

Bright pink in alkaline solution

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2
Q

Colour of Methyl orange in acids and alkaline solution

A

Red in acidic

Yellow alkaline

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3
Q

Colour of Litmus paper in acid and and alkaline and neutral

A

Red in acid
Blue in alkaline
Purple in neutral

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4
Q

Acid + Metal Oxide —>

A

Salt + Water

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5
Q

Hydrochloric acid + Copper oxide —>

A

Copper Chloride + Water

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6
Q

Acid + metal carbonates —>

A

Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

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7
Q

Sulfur is acid + Calcium Carbonate —>

A

Calcium Sulfate + water + Carbon Dioxide

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8
Q

An acid is a source of….

A

Hydrogen ions (H+)

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9
Q

An alkali is a source of…

A

Hydroxide ions (OH-) ions

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10
Q

The reaction between an acid and an alkali is called what?

A

Neutralisation

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11
Q

Name 6 salts that are soluble

A 
Sodium
Potassium 
Ammonium 
Nitrates 
Chlorides 
Sulfate
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12
Q

Name a salt that’s insoluble

A

Most Carbonates

Except sodium, potassium and ammonium carbonates

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13
Q

What reaction do you use to make Insoluble salts?

A

Precipitation - Must mix two solutions containing the ions you need

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14
Q

Barium Chloride + Sulfuric Acid —>

A

Barium Sulfate + Hydrochloric acid

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15
Q

Name the Chloride that’s insoluble q

A

Silver Chloride

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16
Q

Name the 2 sulfates that are insoluble

A

Barium Sulfate and Calcium Sulfate

17
Q

4 things that affect the rate of reaction

A

Concentration
Catalyst
Temperature
Size of Particles

18
Q

Equation for rate of Reaction

A

Amount of reactant used or product formed/ Time

19
Q

What causes faster collisions?

A

Increase in temperature
At higher temp there will be more particles colliding with enough energy to make the reaction happen ( more successful collisions)

20
Q

Bond Breaking =

A

Endothermic

21
Q

Bond forming =

A

Exothermic

22
Q

What is the change in energy called

A

The Enthalpy change

23
Q

Name a reversible reaction

A

Thermal decomposition of ammonium chloride dehydration of Copper (||) Sulfate

24
Q

Closed system =

A

No reactants or products escape

25
Q

What is Dynamic Equilibrium

A

Reactions are taking place in both directions forward and backwards and the rate of reaction is the same in both directions

26
Q

Describe how temperature and gas can get you more product.

A

Raise temp means endothermic reaction will increase to use up the extra heat
Raised pressure encourages the reaction which produces fewer molecules of gas

27
Q

When making soluble salts using acids and insoluble bases, when will you know the acid has been neutralised?

A

Excess solid will sink to the bottom of the flask and remain there

28
Q

What are Titrations? How do you carry one out?

A

Used to find out concentrations; allow you to find oh exactly how much acid is needed to neutralise a quantity of alkali or vice versa
1Using a pipettes and pipettes filler add some alkali usually about 25 cm3 to a conical flask, along with 2 or 3 drops of indicator
2. Fill a beretta with the acid: do below eye level, don’t want to be looking up if some acid spills over
3. Using the burrette - add the acid to the alkali a bit at a time giving the conical flask a regular swirl. Go especially slowly when you think the end-point (colour change) is about to be reached
4. Indicator changes colour; record the volume of acid used to neutralise alkali; repeat a few times to make sure you get the same answer making it more reliable

29
Q

How can you calculate the Enthalpy change?

A

Energy for bond breaking - Energy for making bonds

30
Q

What is Calorimetry?

A

Allows you to measure the amount of energy transferred in a chemical reaction With pretty simple set of equipment

31
Q

How can you measure the amount of energy transferred in dissolving, displacement and neutralisation reactions?

A

Take temperature of the reagents (making sure they’re the same), mix them and measure the temperature of the solution at the end of the reaction
Mix in a polystyrene cup

32
Q

One of the biggest problems with measuring the amount of energy transferred in dissolving, displacement and neutralisation reactions is the energy lost to its surroundings. How can you reduce this?

A

Putting the polystyrene cup into a beaker of cotton wool to give more insulation and putting a lid on the cup to reduce energy lost by evaporation

33
Q

Describe how you can measure the energy transferred in a neutralisation reaction

A
  1. Place 25cm3 of dilute Hydrochloric acid in a polystyrene cup and record the temp of acid
  2. Put 25cm3 of dilute sodium hydroxide in a measuring cylinder and record it’s temp
  3. Add alkali to acid and stir
  4. Take the temperature of the mixture every 30 seconds and redid the highest temperature it reaches
34
Q

In the experiment to measure the amount of energy produced when a fuel is burnt, why is the metal container made of copper?

A

Copper conducts hear so well

35
Q

Describe how you can measure the amount of energy produced when a fuel is burnt?

A
  1. Put 50g of water in the copper and record it’s temperature
  2. Weigh the spirit burner and lid
  3. Put spirit burner underneath the can and light the wick
  4. Heat the water, stirring constantly until the temperature reaches about 50 degrees; put out flame using the burner lid and measure final temp
  5. Weigh the spirit burner and lid
  6. Use the measurements to calculate Enthalpy change
36
Q

What important in the experiment to measure the amount of energy produced when a fuel is burnt?

A

Make as much heat as possible to into heating up the water

Reducing draughts is the key here- use a screen to act as a draught excluder ( don’t do it next to the window?

Chemistry (5 decks)

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