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A2 Geography > Physical - Biodiversity > Flashcards

Physical - Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

Non-living factors in an environment

A

Abiotic

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2
Q

A foreign invasive species

A

Alien species

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3
Q

A global factor that affects biodiversity, creating a cross-section of different climates eg.Mount Kilimanjaro

A

Altitudinal range

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4
Q

Rearing of aquatic animals or the cultivation of aquatic plants for food eg converting mangroves for shrimp farming, Thailand

A

Aquaculture

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5
Q

The variety and variability of animals, plants and microorganisms. 3 types: species, ecosystems + genetics

A

Biodiversity

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6
Q

Areas with high concentrations of biodiversity eg. Amazon

A

Biodiversity hotspots

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7
Q

Organic matter of organisms used for measuring/ type of fuel

A

Biomass

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8
Q

Living factors in an environment

A

Biotic

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9
Q

Daintree funding is being used to buy back the land that was sold to reduce land available for development

A

Buy-back

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10
Q

Study of the loss of Earth’s biological diversity and prevention methods

A

Conservation

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11
Q

Coral reefs losing their algae and dying due to global warming

A

Coral bleaching

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12
Q

Ecosystem services that mainly benefits indigenous people: aesthetic, spiritual, tourism, educational, recreational

A

Cultural services

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13
Q

The loss of biodiversity over time

A

Degradation

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14
Q

Organisation that identifies endangered species

A

IUCN red list

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15
Q

A large area of land/water with geographically distant natural communities, where species interact in ways for essential survival eg. Mangroves

A

Eco-region

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16
Q
A

Ecosystem diversity

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17
Q

Species native and restricted to a certain place

A

Endemic

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18
Q

Process where fertiliser causes rapid algal blooms, depleting oxygen in water needed for aquatic species

A

Eutrophication

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19
Q

Range of genes found in a particular species determines degree of resistance to disease

A

Genetic diversity

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20
Q

One of Millennium Ecosystem Assessment services. Improves the well-being of poorer countries by removal of trade barriers+ and subsidies. Environmental problems dealt in ad hoc way + ecosystems deteriorate

A

Global orchestration

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21
Q

Regional factor for biodiversity where high primary productivity encouraging development of a complex trophic pyramid with many ecological niches. This system can support high levels of biodiversity

A

Habitat architecture

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22
Q

A varied physical environment leading to lots of different habitats

A

Habitat heterogeneity

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23
Q

Area in between high and low tide

A

Intertidal area

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24
Q

Downward movement of dissolved nutrients in the soil profile with percolating water

A

Nutrient leaching

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25
Q

Pores of pneumatophores roots that enable mangroves to breathe in anaerobic conditions

A

Lenticles

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26
Q

An organism that grows in tidal swamp

A

Mangrove

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27
Q

Energy from photosynthesis - energy lost via respiration. Measured in kg km2/yr

A

Net primary productivity (NPP)

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28
Q

A thick subsurface layer of soil that remains frozen throughout the year, occurring chiefly in polar regions.

A

Permafrost

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29
Q

Process of converting carbon dioxide to oxygen

A

Photosynthesis

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30
Q

Areas with a concentration of hotspots eg. SE Asia

A

Pivotal areas

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31
Q

Effective roots that rise up from the soil. These breathe in both water and air

A

Pnuematophores

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32
Q

Mangrove roots that support the plant in waterlogged ground

A

Prop roots

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33
Q

Good/ products derived from nature: food, water, wood, fuel

A

Provisioning services

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34
Q

Protection of wetlands through local, regional, national actions and international co-operation

A

Ramsar sites

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35
Q

Benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes: climate regulation, water regulation, pest and disease regulation

A

Regulating services

36
Q

Amount of morphological differences between 2 or more species

A

Species disparity

37
Q

Variety of plant + animal species present in an ecosystem

A

Species diversity

38
Q

Species unique to a defined geographical area eg. Marine Iguana in Galapagos islands

A

Species endemism

39
Q

No. species in a given area

A

Species richness

40
Q

indirect services to ecosystem: nutrient cycling, soil formation, primary production

A

Supporting services

41
Q

Position on foodchain

A

Trophic level

42
Q

Local factor for biodiversity on species establishing themselves, interacting and subtly altering the environment

A

Succession

43
Q

Local factor of biodiversity, major environmental disasters eg. Fires, floods storms which destroy biodiversity

A

Disturbance

44
Q

Local factor of biodiversity, migration of species where high rates of efficiency enhanced biodiversity

A

Colonisation

45
Q

Global factor for biodiversity determining least disturbed ecosystems

A

History and age

46
Q

Global factor for biodiversity for remote areas encouraging endemism

A

Geographic isolation

47
Q

Environmental factors and interspecies relationships that influence the species.

A

Ecological niche

48
Q

Global factor for biodiversity creating biomes by: precipitation, light intensity, winds, temperature

A

Climate limiting factors

49
Q

Movement of individual organisms from their birthplace to other locations for breeding

A

Dispersal

50
Q

Large global ecosystems containing communities of plants and animals, linked to soil types eg tropical rainforest

A

Biomes

50
Q

The main cause of extinction for many species

A

Over-exploitation

51
Q

Remote mountainous regions with lots of undiscovered plants + animals in dense jungle, isolated areas with high endemism

A

The lost world

52
Q

Finbos

A

Continental hotspot

53
Q

Madagascar, New zealand

A

Large island hotspot

54
Q

Galapagos

A

Small island hotspot

55
Q

Great barrier reef

A

Marine hotspot

56
Q

Greatly value the rainforest, provides everything eg. fertile floodplain, transport, fishing

A

Indigenous people

57
Q

Value the rainforest for economic value, goods and short term benefits, exploiting the rainforest and only preserve to reexploit

A

TNCs

58
Q

Value rainforest for its fertile soils, space + conditions for growth but destroy it to make room for cattle ranging etc.

A

Farmers

59
Q

Energy transferred from the food chain. As energy is lost via respiration, biomass decreases higher up the trophic level

A

Energy flows

60
Q

Circulation of chemicals from the environment to organisms and back to the environment

A

Nutrient cycling

61
Q

Pathway in the nutrient cycle, as plants and animals die,their tissues fall into the litter store

A

Fallout pathway

62
Q

Pathway in the nutrient cycle, decomposition of litter turns to humus via microorganisms

A

Decay pathway

63
Q

Pathway in the nutrient cycle, compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are taken up by plants

A

Growth/ uptake pathway

64
Q

Model that shows the amount of nutrients that are flowing around an ecosystem as well as the sizes of different stores

A

Gersmehl’s model

65
Q

The point where climate and biomes can’t rejuvenate (irreversible change is made)

A

Ecological tipping point

66
Q

Pores on pneumatophore roots that enable mangroves to breathe in anaerobic conditions

A

Lenticles

67
Q

Amount of morphological difference between 2 or more species

A

Species disparities

68
Q

To use natural resources at a rate that the Earth can renew them

A

Sustainable use

69
Q

the extraction level of the resource which does not exceed the growth

A

Sustainable yield

70
Q

Species that occupy a particular area

A

Zonation

71
Q

measure of the complexity of interactions in a given habitat or ecosystem.

A

Productivity

72
Q

order of colonization of species in an ecosystem from a barren or destroyed area of land eg. sand dunes

A

Succession

73
Q

The choice to buy environmentally-friendly products

A

Ethical Consumerism

74
Q

A government incentive to regain land from previously private owners

A

Buy-back

75
Q

Lower level of yield used as a compromise that won’t destroy aesthetic or recreational value of an ecosystem but will allow multi-use for the maximum benefit of the whole community

A

Optimal Sustainable Yield

76
Q

Maximum human population that can live in equilibrium with resources/ species ect.

A

Carrying capacity

77
Q

Greatest harvest that can taken indefinitely and leave systems intact, usually only exceed by commercial activities

A

Maximum sustainable yield

78
Q

The ‘safe’ level of harvest that can be hunted/caught/utilised without detriment to the sustainable management of an ecosystem

A

Sustainable yield

79
Q

A method of conservation that sets limits for harvesting individual species that are indefinitely sustainable

A

Single species approach

80
Q

A method of conservation that involves considering harvesting species both on their own and in relation to dependant species and the whole environment

A

Ecosystem approach

81
Q

A method of conservation that aims to predict the consequences of any planned expansion of catches before its permitted (best way)

A

Precautionary principle

82
Q

Completely protecting an area at the expense of locals (fenced off completely)

A

Total protection

83
Q

Strategy with links to economic development + biodiversity. Creation of buffer zones to aid development (doesn’t always target hotspots)

A

Sustainable reserve

84
Q

Areas of countryside or water, protected by the state for public’s enjoyment or wildlife preservation

A

National Parks

A2 Geography (5 decks)

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