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Respiratory 1 > Physical Aspects of Breathing > Flashcards

Physical Aspects of Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the amount of oxygen consumed differ from the CO2 produced?

A

It depends on the carbon source

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2
Q

ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed

A

respiratory quotient (R)

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3
Q

Value of respiratory quotient for a normal, mixed diet

A

0.8

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4
Q

Value of respiratory quotient for a pure fat diet

A

0.7

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5
Q

Value of respiratory quotient for a pure carb diet

A

1

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6
Q

used clinically to determine the composition of alveolar gas; by comparing alveolar gas to blood gas we can determine how well the lungs are working

A

Alveolar Gas Equation

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7
Q

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted by each gas

A

Dalton’s Law of partial pressures

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8
Q

Which gases compose the majority of air

A 
Nitrogen (78%)
Oxygen (21%)
CO2 (0.04%)
H2O
traces of other gases
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9
Q

Normal barometric pressure at sea level

A

760 mmHg

  • assuming humidity is 0%
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10
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in the atmosphere?

A

160 mmHg

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11
Q

Why is the oxygen content of air “diluted” once it reaches the trachea and alveoli?

A

Trachea: water vapor (humidity) dilutes it
Alveoli: C02 leaving body dilutes it

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12
Q

Vapor pressure of H20

A

47mmHg

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13
Q

The amount of gas dissolved in the liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid

A

Henry’s Law

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14
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood entering and leaving the alveolar capillaries

A

pO2: 104 mmHg
pCO2: 40 mmHg

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15
Q

How many “generations” (divisions) are there in your airway

A

23 (resulting in over 8 million airway segments and about 300 million alveoli)

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16
Q

parts of the airway that are considered “conducting”

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchiole (last part of conducting zone)

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17
Q

last part of the conducting airway

A

terminal bronchiole

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18
Q

portion of airway where capillaries are not close enough to inspired air for gas exchange; contributes to anatomic dead space; trachea, bronchi, bronchiole and terminal bronchiole

A

Conducting zone

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19
Q

portion of airway where capillaries are close enough to inspired air for gas exchange; rich vascularization; respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct and alveolar sac

A

Respiratory zone

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20
Q

When does the branching of the airways begin to result in an exponential increase cross-sectional area (after what “generation”)

A

Generation 10

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21
Q

Muscles involved with inspiration

A
  1. Diaphragm (contract to flatten/downward movement)

2. External intercostals (Elevate ribs 2-12 outward which widen thoracic cavity)

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22
Q

Muscles involved with expiration

A
  1. Usually none (passive and by lung elastic recoiling)

2. Active/forced is by contraction of abdominal and internal intercostal muscles (plus lung elastic recoil

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23
Q

1 mmHg = ??? cmH2O

A

1.36 cmH2O

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24
Q

As the inspiratory muscles contract and increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, alveolar pressure becomes more _____________ creating a driving force for the inward flow of air

A

negative (sub-atmospheric)

  • -1 cmH2O
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25
Q

the space between the outer surface of the lung (visceral pleura) and the inner surface of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura); usually filled with a small amount of fluid (10 mL)

A

Intrapleural space

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26
Q

Intrapleural pressures during inspiration vs. expiration

A

Expiration: -5 cmH2O
Inspiration: -8 cmH2O

27
Q

Pleura that lines the lung

A

Visceral pleura

28
Q

Pleura that lines the chest cavity

A

Parietal pleura

29
Q

pressure difference across the surface of the lung relative to alveolar pressure; calculated as the alveolar pressure minus the intrapleural pressure

A

Transpulmonary pressure

30
Q

Equation for transpulmonary pressure

A

Alveolar pressure - intrapleural pressure

31
Q

highly (compliant/elastic) lung is considered floppy

A

Compliant

32
Q

A highly (compliant/elastic) lung is considered stiff

A

Elastic

33
Q

How does one develop sub-atmospheric alveolar pressure during inspiration?

A

Inspiratory muscles contract—> Thoracic cavity expands—> intrapleural pressure decreases—> transmural pressure gradient increases—> air flows inward

34
Q

(expiration/inspiration) during a quiet tidal breath takes longer, since this is typically passive (elastic recoil)

A

Expiration

35
Q

Volume of air in anatomic dead space

A

150 mL

36
Q

Volume of air in the lungs when no active muscular force is being exerted

A

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

37
Q

The amount of gas in the lung at the end of a maximal inspiration

A

Total lung capacity

38
Q

Lung volumes are measured using a…

A

Spirometer

39
Q

Volume of air during a single inspiration or expiration

A

Tidal volume (500ml per inspiration in a healthy person)

40
Q

Maximal volume that can be inhaled following a normal inspiration

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

41
Q

Volume that can be forcibly expired from a normal expiration

A

Expiratory reserve volume

42
Q

Volume of air remaining after maximal expiration

A

Residual volume

43
Q

Volume of air after a normal expiration; ERV + RV

A

Functional residual capacity

44
Q

Maximal volume of gas that can be inspired following a normal expiration; TV + IRV

A

Inspiratory Capacity

45
Q

Maximal volume of gas which can be expired following a maximal inspiration; IRV + TV + ERV

A

Vital Capacity

46
Q

Major categories of lung disease (3 total)

A
  1. Developmental: anomalies, hypoplasia, chronic lung disease of newborn
  2. Obstructive: asthma, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, emphysema
  3. Restrictive: fibrosis, sarcoidosis, chest wall disorders, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, neuromuscular diseases
47
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in alveoli (PAO2)?

A

104 mmHg

48
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 in alveoli (PACO2)?

A

40 mmHg

49
Q

Where does the air become humidified in the respiratory tract?

A

Trachea (100% humidified)

50
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in trachea? Why?

A
  1. 21 * (760-47) = 150 mmHg or Torr

* Inhaled air become humidified in the trachea 100% and water vapor takes up 47 Torr at 37 celcius.

51
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in alveoli?

A

104 mmHg or Torr

52
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood?

A

100 mmHg or Torr

53
Q

As the airways branch, the individual units become ______ but the aggregate cross-sectional area of the airways _______ with each generation.

A

smaller

increases

54
Q

What generation of branching denotes terminal bronchioles?

A

generation 16

  • therefore marks the end of conducting zone and the beginning of respiratory zone
55
Q

Where does visceral pleura and parietal pleura become contiguous?

A

at the root of the lung (hilum)

56
Q

Pleural space (intrapleural space) is filled with a lubricating liquid and substances secreted by what cells?

A

mesothelial cells

57
Q

what keeps the lung surface and the thoracic wall from separating?

A

subatomospheric intrapleural pressure

58
Q

What is the pressure gradient across any particular barrier? It is represented by the pressure inside the structure minus the pressure outside the structure.

A

Transmural Pressure

59
Q

Why is it important to have the positive transpulmonary pressure?

A

This positive transpulmonary pressure holds the lung open at end-expiration.

60
Q

Transpulmonary pressure ______ during inspiration enough to overcome the elastane of the lung, resulting the lung to

A

increases

inflate

61
Q

Describe Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure X Volume = Constant

62
Q

Describe how air is drawn into the lungs during inspiration?

A
  1. Inspiratory muscles contract
  2. Thoracic cavity expands
  3. Intrapleural pressure becomes more subatmospheric
  4. Transmural pressure gradient increases, creating subatmospheric alveolar pressure
  5. Air flows inward inflating the lungs
63
Q

Obesity ______ compliance

A

decreases

Respiratory 1 (11 decks)

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