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Respiratory 1 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which facial bone surrounds the opening into the nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla

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2
Q

Name of the pear shaped opening into the nasal cavity in the skull (not the nares)

A

Piriform aperture

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3
Q

Midline, bony structure inside the nasal cavity that divides it into a left and right cavities

A

Nasal septum

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4
Q

Air enters the nasal cavity through what structures

A

Nares

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5
Q

Air exits the nasal cavity posteriorly through the paired ____________ into the nasopharynx

A

choanae

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6
Q

Functions of the nasal cavity (4 total)

A

Olfaction (smell)
Humidification
Filtration
Draining of secretions from the paranasal sinuses

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7
Q

The nasal septum consists of what three parts?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid (upper midline)
Vomer (posteroinferior)
Septal cartilage

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8
Q

The lateral walls of the nasal cavity consists of what three parts?

A

3 concha (superior, middle and inferior)

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9
Q

Fold/scroll like structures on the walls of the nasal cavity that aid in humidifying and warming the air; also called turbinates

A

Conchae

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10
Q

Opening in back of nose where much of the neurovasculature traverses to the nasal cavity

A

Sphenopalatine foramen

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11
Q

Large, hollow spaces in several bones in the skull; lined with mucosa that communicate directly with the nasal cavity for drainage

A

Paranasal sinuses

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12
Q

Bones involved with paranasal sinuses (4 total)

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

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13
Q

Potential functions of the paranasal sinuses (4 total)

A

Reduce weight of skull
Inc. resonance of voice
Insulate sensitive structures (dental roots and eyes) from rapid temperature fluctuations
Humidify/heat air

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14
Q

Frontal and maxillary sinuses reach maximum size at what age?

A

20-25

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15
Q

The walls of the nasal cavity are (poorly/well) vascularized

A

Well vascularized

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16
Q

The conchae divide the nasal cavity into what 4 passages?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess
Superior Meatus
Middle Meatus
Inferior Meatus

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17
Q

The sphenoethmoidal recess receives drainage from what sinus(es)?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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18
Q

The superior meatus receives drainage from what sinus(es)?

A

Posterior ethmoidal sinus

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19
Q

The middle meatus receives drainage from what sinus(es)?

A

Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Remaining ethmoid sinus (also drains into superior meatus)

  • Most of the paranasal sinuses drain into the middle meatus
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20
Q

The inferior meatus receives drainage from what?

A

Nasolacrimal duct (from eye/orbit)

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21
Q

The pituitary gland sits in a bony projection just above what sinus?

A

Sphenoid sinus (back of nasal cavity)

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22
Q

Malignant tumor of the pituitary gland and how it is addressed surgically?

A
  • pituitary carcinoma

* Open the sphenoid cavity using endoscopic equipment, then resect the tumor

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23
Q

How can upper respiratory infections cause sinusitis?

A

Cause inflammation and can block drainage of sinus into the nasal cavity, increasing pressure in the sinuses and causing pain

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24
Q

How might sinusitis result in tooth ache?

A

The maxillary sinuses are above to the upper molars, so any pressure can result in an aching feeling

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25
What arteries vascularize the nasal cavity?
1. External Carotid Artery (facial & maxillary arteries) | 2. Internal Carotid Artery (ophthalmic artery)
26
Cranial nerve V is aka
Trigeminal
27
primary sensory nerve of facial region; has large ganglion on floor of cranial cavity; has three major divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular)
Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)
28
3 major divisions of the trigeminal nerve
Ophthalmic V1 Maxillary V2 Mandibular V3
29
Division of trigeminal nerve that conveys sensory information from the eye, orbit and forehead
Ophthalmic V1
30
Division of trigeminal nerve that conveys sensory information from the nasal cavity, maxilla, upper teeth and palate
Maxillary V2
31
Division of trigeminal nerve that conveys sensory information from the oral cavity, mandible, teeth and muscles of mastication
Mandibular V3
32
What nerves innervate the nasal cavity?
1. Olfactory Nerve (CN I) 2. Trigeminal Nerve (CN V1 & CN V2) 3. Facial Nerve (CN VII) 4. Sympathetic innervation from spinal cord
33
branch of the maxillary artery (off of the external carotid); transverses the sphenopalatine foramen; gives rise to several lateral posterior branches and the posterior septal branch
Sphenopalatine artery
34
branch of the maxillary artery (off of the external carotid); gives rise to arteries that ascend through palate
Greater palatine artery
35
area along the nasal septum where lots of arteries converge and anastomose; common site of nose bleeds (epistaxis)
Kiesselbach's plexus
36
Treatment for severe nose bleeds
area around sphenopalatine artery can be packed, cauterized or can be clipped
37
Olfactory axons (CN 1) traverse the ________ ________ of the ethmoid bone and synapse within the olfactory bulb
cribriform plate
38
The (anterior/posterior) portion of the nasal cavity receives sensory information from the ophthalmic V1 division of the trigeminal nerve
anterior 1/3rd
39
The (anterior/posterior) portion of the nasal cavity receives sensory information from the maxillary V2 division of the trigeminal nerve
Posterior 2/3rds
40
Ganglion that serves as relay centers for autonomic nerves traveling throughout the nasal cavity
Pterygopalatine ganglion
41
What is the parasympathetic nerve that traverses through the pterygoid canal and synapse on pterygopalatine ganglion?
Greater petrosal nerve
42
What is the sympathetic nerve that traverses through the pterygoid canal?
Deep petrosal nerve
43
Nerve in the pterygoid canal that is the fusion of the deep (sympathetic) and greater (parasympathetic) petrosal nerves
Vidian nerve
44
Three divisions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
45
Portion of pharynx above soft palate and behind nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
46
tonsils in nasopharynx
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
47
Another name for eustachian tubes
pharyngotympanic tubes
48
mucosa covered bulge representing the cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube
Torus tubarius
49
Deep slit-like recess in nasopharynx where cancerous growths can initiate
Pharyngeal recess
50
Muscles that can open the eustachian tubes (2 total)
Levator veli palatini | Tensor veli palatini
51
has two folds/arches (palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal) on both sides of the palatine tonsil; portion of pharynx behind the oral cavity
oropharynx
52
What lies between the two folds/arches (palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal) in the oropharynx
palatine tonsil (tonsil)
53
space between the epiglottis and the tongue base; guide for intubations
valleculae
54
portion of the pharynx that lies posterior to the larynx; extends from the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage
laryngopharynx
55
The laryngopharynx communicates with the larynx through what opening?
laryngeal inlet
56
tonsil located near the orifice of the pharyngotympanic tube
Tubal tonsils
57
tonsils located on the posterior surface of the tongue
Lingual tonsils
58
Name for the three pharyngeal constrictors that propel food downward from the oropharynx to the laryngopharynx
Circular muscles (superior, middle and inferior)
59
Name for the three pharyngeal muscles that elevate the pharynx during swallowing
Longitudinal muscles (stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus)
60
All of the pharyngeal muscles are innervated by the ______________ nerve except for the _______________ muscle which is innervated by the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX "9")
vagus (X); stylopharyngeus
61
Circular constrictors arise from a ________ along the posterior midline of the pharynx; if you cut along this structure, you can open it up and directly view the inside of the pharynx
raphe
62
small mucosa-lined fossae along the lateral walls of the larynx; highly innervated and common sites for food/foreign bodies to lodge; aka smuggler's fossa
piriform recesses
63
Nasopharynx is innervated by what nerve?
CN V2
64
Oropharynx is innervated by what nerve?
CN IX
65
Laryngopharynx is innervated by what nerve?
CN X
66
What are the 3 layers of the deep cervical fascia?
``` Investing layer (outer layer) Prevertebral layer (around vertebral column) Pretracheal layer (around trachea and esophagus) ```
67
What is the posterior extension of the pretracheal fascia layer referred to?
Buccopharyngeal fascia
68
What is special about the region between the prevertebral and buccopharyngeal fascia?
Alar Fascia: A major pathway for the spread of infection between the neck and thorax
69
What is the purpose of the alar fascia?
Divides the area into the retropharyngeal (closer to eosphagus) and danger (closer to verterbrae) spaces
70
Main cartilages that make up the larynx (4 total)
Thyroid (Adam's Apple) Cricoid (complete ring) Epiglottis (leaf shaped) Arytenoid (pyramidal-shaped)
71
Membranes/ligaments of the larynx (3)
Thyrohyoid membrane Cricothyroid membrane vocal ligament
72
The aperture between the two VOCAL folds
rima glottidis (where air passes through)
73
Space that lies above the vestibular fold
Supraglottic space
74
Space that lies below the vocal folds
Subglottic or Infraglottic space
75
The opening between the true and false vocal folds
ventricle
76
The two categories of extrinsic larynx muscles
Suprahyoid (raise larynx) | Infrahyoid (lower larynx)
77
What larynx muscles actually produce sound?
Intrinsic muscles (cricothyroid and posterior cricoarytenoid)
78
small intrinsic muscle located along the anterolateral aspect of the larynx; produces higher pitch sounds
cricothyroid
79
only muscle of the larynx that opens the vocal cords
posterior cricoarytenoid
80
nerve that provides all of the motor and sensory innervation to the larynx
Vagus
81
The vagus nerve divides into what nerves?
Superior laryngeal nerve | Recurrent laryngeal nerve
82
Nerves that provide innervation to the mucosa below the vocal cords
Recurrent laryngeal nerves
83
Laryngeal nerve that goes under the right subclavian artery
Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
84
Laryngeal nerve that goes under the aortic arch
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
85
The superior laryngeal nerve gives rise to what branches?
1. External branch (cricothyroid muscle) | 2. Internal branch (pierces thyrohyoid membrane and innervates mucosa above vocal cords)

Respiratory 1 (11 decks)

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