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Respiratory 1 > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Which facial bone surrounds the opening into the nasal cavity?

A

Maxilla

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2
Q

Name of the pear shaped opening into the nasal cavity in the skull (not the nares)

A

Piriform aperture

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3
Q

Midline, bony structure inside the nasal cavity that divides it into a left and right cavities

A

Nasal septum

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4
Q

Air enters the nasal cavity through what structures

A

Nares

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5
Q

Air exits the nasal cavity posteriorly through the paired ____________ into the nasopharynx

A

choanae

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6
Q

Functions of the nasal cavity (4 total)

A

Olfaction (smell)
Humidification
Filtration
Draining of secretions from the paranasal sinuses

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7
Q

The nasal septum consists of what three parts?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid (upper midline)
Vomer (posteroinferior)
Septal cartilage

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8
Q

The lateral walls of the nasal cavity consists of what three parts?

A

3 concha (superior, middle and inferior)

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9
Q

Fold/scroll like structures on the walls of the nasal cavity that aid in humidifying and warming the air; also called turbinates

A

Conchae

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10
Q

Opening in back of nose where much of the neurovasculature traverses to the nasal cavity

A

Sphenopalatine foramen

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11
Q

Large, hollow spaces in several bones in the skull; lined with mucosa that communicate directly with the nasal cavity for drainage

A

Paranasal sinuses

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12
Q

Bones involved with paranasal sinuses (4 total)

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

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13
Q

Potential functions of the paranasal sinuses (4 total)

A

Reduce weight of skull
Inc. resonance of voice
Insulate sensitive structures (dental roots and eyes) from rapid temperature fluctuations
Humidify/heat air

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14
Q

Frontal and maxillary sinuses reach maximum size at what age?

A

20-25

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15
Q

The walls of the nasal cavity are (poorly/well) vascularized

A

Well vascularized

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16
Q

The conchae divide the nasal cavity into what 4 passages?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess
Superior Meatus
Middle Meatus
Inferior Meatus

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17
Q

The sphenoethmoidal recess receives drainage from what sinus(es)?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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18
Q

The superior meatus receives drainage from what sinus(es)?

A

Posterior ethmoidal sinus

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19
Q

The middle meatus receives drainage from what sinus(es)?

A

Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Remaining ethmoid sinus (also drains into superior meatus)

  • Most of the paranasal sinuses drain into the middle meatus
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20
Q

The inferior meatus receives drainage from what?

A

Nasolacrimal duct (from eye/orbit)

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21
Q

The pituitary gland sits in a bony projection just above what sinus?

A

Sphenoid sinus (back of nasal cavity)

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22
Q

Malignant tumor of the pituitary gland and how it is addressed surgically?

A
  • pituitary carcinoma

* Open the sphenoid cavity using endoscopic equipment, then resect the tumor

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23
Q

How can upper respiratory infections cause sinusitis?

A

Cause inflammation and can block drainage of sinus into the nasal cavity, increasing pressure in the sinuses and causing pain

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24
Q

How might sinusitis result in tooth ache?

A

The maxillary sinuses are above to the upper molars, so any pressure can result in an aching feeling

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25
Q

What arteries vascularize the nasal cavity?

A
  1. External Carotid Artery (facial & maxillary arteries)

2. Internal Carotid Artery (ophthalmic artery)

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26
Q

Cranial nerve V is aka

A

Trigeminal

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27
Q

primary sensory nerve of facial region; has large ganglion on floor of cranial cavity; has three major divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular)

A

Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)

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28
Q

3 major divisions of the trigeminal nerve

A

Ophthalmic V1
Maxillary V2
Mandibular V3

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29
Q

Division of trigeminal nerve that conveys sensory information from the eye, orbit and forehead

A

Ophthalmic V1

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30
Q

Division of trigeminal nerve that conveys sensory information from the nasal cavity, maxilla, upper teeth and palate

A

Maxillary V2

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31
Q

Division of trigeminal nerve that conveys sensory information from the oral cavity, mandible, teeth and muscles of mastication

A

Mandibular V3

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32
Q

What nerves innervate the nasal cavity?

A
  1. Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
  2. Trigeminal Nerve (CN V1 & CN V2)
  3. Facial Nerve (CN VII)
  4. Sympathetic innervation from spinal cord
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33
Q

branch of the maxillary artery (off of the external carotid); transverses the sphenopalatine foramen; gives rise to several lateral posterior branches and the posterior septal branch

A

Sphenopalatine artery

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34
Q

branch of the maxillary artery (off of the external carotid); gives rise to arteries that ascend through palate

A

Greater palatine artery

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35
Q

area along the nasal septum where lots of arteries converge and anastomose; common site of nose bleeds (epistaxis)

A

Kiesselbach’s plexus

36
Q

Treatment for severe nose bleeds

A

area around sphenopalatine artery can be packed, cauterized or can be clipped

37
Q

Olfactory axons (CN 1) traverse the ________ ________ of the ethmoid bone and synapse within the olfactory bulb

A

cribriform plate

38
Q

The (anterior/posterior) portion of the nasal cavity receives sensory information from the ophthalmic V1 division of the trigeminal nerve

A

anterior 1/3rd

39
Q

The (anterior/posterior) portion of the nasal cavity receives sensory information from the maxillary V2 division of the trigeminal nerve

A

Posterior 2/3rds

40
Q

Ganglion that serves as relay centers for autonomic nerves traveling throughout the nasal cavity

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

41
Q

What is the parasympathetic nerve that traverses through the pterygoid canal and synapse on pterygopalatine ganglion?

A

Greater petrosal nerve

42
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve that traverses through the pterygoid canal?

A

Deep petrosal nerve

43
Q

Nerve in the pterygoid canal that is the fusion of the deep (sympathetic) and greater (parasympathetic) petrosal nerves

A

Vidian nerve

44
Q

Three divisions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

45
Q

Portion of pharynx above soft palate and behind nasal cavity

A

Nasopharynx

46
Q

tonsils in nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)

47
Q

Another name for eustachian tubes

A

pharyngotympanic tubes

48
Q

mucosa covered bulge representing the cartilaginous portion of the eustachian tube

A

Torus tubarius

49
Q

Deep slit-like recess in nasopharynx where cancerous growths can initiate

A

Pharyngeal recess

50
Q

Muscles that can open the eustachian tubes (2 total)

A

Levator veli palatini

Tensor veli palatini

51
Q

has two folds/arches (palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal) on both sides of the palatine tonsil; portion of pharynx behind the oral cavity

A

oropharynx

52
Q

What lies between the two folds/arches (palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal) in the oropharynx

A

palatine tonsil (tonsil)

53
Q

space between the epiglottis and the tongue base; guide for intubations

A

valleculae

54
Q

portion of the pharynx that lies posterior to the larynx; extends from the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage

A

laryngopharynx

55
Q

The laryngopharynx communicates with the larynx through what opening?

A

laryngeal inlet

56
Q

tonsil located near the orifice of the pharyngotympanic tube

A

Tubal tonsils

57
Q

tonsils located on the posterior surface of the tongue

A

Lingual tonsils

58
Q

Name for the three pharyngeal constrictors that propel food downward from the oropharynx to the laryngopharynx

A

Circular muscles (superior, middle and inferior)

59
Q

Name for the three pharyngeal muscles that elevate the pharynx during swallowing

A

Longitudinal muscles (stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus)

60
Q

All of the pharyngeal muscles are innervated by the ______________ nerve except for the _______________ muscle which is innervated by the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX “9”)

A

vagus (X); stylopharyngeus

61
Q

Circular constrictors arise from a ________ along the posterior midline of the pharynx; if you cut along this structure, you can open it up and directly view the inside of the pharynx

62
Q

small mucosa-lined fossae along the lateral walls of the larynx; highly innervated and common sites for food/foreign bodies to lodge; aka smuggler’s fossa

A

piriform recesses

63
Q

Nasopharynx is innervated by what nerve?

64
Q

Oropharynx is innervated by what nerve?

65
Q

Laryngopharynx is innervated by what nerve?

66
Q

What are the 3 layers of the deep cervical fascia?

A 
Investing layer (outer layer)
Prevertebral layer (around vertebral column)
Pretracheal layer (around trachea and esophagus)
67
Q

What is the posterior extension of the pretracheal fascia layer referred to?

A

Buccopharyngeal fascia

68
Q

What is special about the region between the prevertebral and buccopharyngeal fascia?

A

Alar Fascia: A major pathway for the spread of infection between the neck and thorax

69
Q

What is the purpose of the alar fascia?

A

Divides the area into the retropharyngeal (closer to eosphagus) and danger (closer to verterbrae) spaces

70
Q

Main cartilages that make up the larynx (4 total)

A

Thyroid (Adam’s Apple)
Cricoid (complete ring)
Epiglottis (leaf shaped)
Arytenoid (pyramidal-shaped)

71
Q

Membranes/ligaments of the larynx (3)

A

Thyrohyoid membrane
Cricothyroid membrane
vocal ligament

72
Q

The aperture between the two VOCAL folds

A

rima glottidis (where air passes through)

73
Q

Space that lies above the vestibular fold

A

Supraglottic space

74
Q

Space that lies below the vocal folds

A

Subglottic or Infraglottic space

75
Q

The opening between the true and false vocal folds

76
Q

The two categories of extrinsic larynx muscles

A

Suprahyoid (raise larynx)

Infrahyoid (lower larynx)

77
Q

What larynx muscles actually produce sound?

A

Intrinsic muscles (cricothyroid and posterior cricoarytenoid)

78
Q

small intrinsic muscle located along the anterolateral aspect of the larynx; produces higher pitch sounds

A

cricothyroid

79
Q

only muscle of the larynx that opens the vocal cords

A

posterior cricoarytenoid

80
Q

nerve that provides all of the motor and sensory innervation to the larynx

81
Q

The vagus nerve divides into what nerves?

A

Superior laryngeal nerve

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

82
Q

Nerves that provide innervation to the mucosa below the vocal cords

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

83
Q

Laryngeal nerve that goes under the right subclavian artery

A

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

84
Q

Laryngeal nerve that goes under the aortic arch

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

85
Q

The superior laryngeal nerve gives rise to what branches?

A
  1. External branch (cricothyroid muscle)

2. Internal branch (pierces thyrohyoid membrane and innervates mucosa above vocal cords)

Respiratory 1 (11 decks)

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