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Respiratory 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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2
Q

Parts of the lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs (bronchioles to alveoli)

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3
Q

Which portions of the lower respiratory tract can actually take part in gas exchange

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveolus

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4
Q

Gas exchange (oxygen and CO2) are exchanged between blood and air in the…

A

alveoli

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5
Q

In order for gas exchange to occur, the alveoli must be….

A

really thin

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6
Q

Lipid layer that lines the lumens of alveoli; keeps surface tension low to they don’t collapse (atelectasis)

A

surfactant

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7
Q

Collapse of alveoli; can be caused by loss/absence of surfactant; causes respiratory distress

A

atelectasis

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8
Q

From which germ layer does the respiratory system arise from (ecto-, endo- or meso-)

A

Endoderm

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9
Q

The lower respiratory tract arises from what part of the early GI tract?

A

anterior diverticulum (specifically, pharynx/upper esophagus)

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10
Q

At what week does the lower respiratory tract arise from the anterior diverticulum?

A

Week 4

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11
Q

The lower respiratory tract develops in what direction (caudal vs. cranial)?

A

Cranial to caudal (alveoli are last to form)

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12
Q

How many “generations” of branching of the airway are there?

A

23

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13
Q

Which structures of the respiratory system are the last to form?

A

Alveoli

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14
Q

There is respiratory function in utero because the fetus makes respiratory movements (True or False)

A

False; fetus does “breathe” amniotic fluid, but the movement is necessary for normal lung development (but no gas exchange occurs)

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15
Q

Gas exchange for the fetus occurs in the…

A

placenta

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16
Q

vascular structure formed by the embryo; where gas exchange occurs for the fetus; no mixing of fetal and maternal blood occurs

A

Placenta

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17
Q

The placenta allows for gas exchange via the mixing of fetal and maternal blood supplies (True or False)

A

False

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18
Q

What properties of the alveoli help promote gas exchange

A

Thin walls

Surfactant

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19
Q

How many weeks constitutes a full-term fetus?

A

38 weeks

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20
Q

What week do primitive, thick-walled alveoli begin to develop?

A

Week 22

21
Q

What week does surfactant begin to be produced?

A

Week 24

22
Q

Premature infants with underdeveloped lungs can be given artificial surfactant to aid in respiratory function (True or False)

A

True

23
Q

What defines a “premature” baby?

A

at least 3 weeks before due date

24
Q

congenital anomaly; arises early (4-7 weeks); an abnormal opening of the esophagus into the trachea; can present with polyhydramnios (excessive amniotic fluid), choking, coughing, cyanosis and vomiting

A

Tracheoesophageal fistula

25
Q

Most common form of tracheoesophageal fistulas

A

Type C (proximal esophagus terminates, and distal is connected with trachea)

26
Q

Possible symptoms of tracheoesophageal fistulas (in utero and after birth)

A

in utero: polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid)

after birth: choking, coughing, cyanosis and vomiting

27
Q

congenital anomaly; hole in posterolateral diaphragm, usually on left; abdominal organs can herniate into thorax, especially the small intestine; can crowd the lungs and heart, resulting in malformed lungs (hypoplasia) and pulmonary hypertension

A

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)

28
Q

Potential complications with congential diaphragmatic hernia

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia
Pulmonary hypertension
Life threatening breathing difficulties

29
Q

Fetal cardiopulmonary physiology

A

Relative hypoxic environment (compared to mom)
Fetal shunts
Fetal lungs produce fluid
Erythropoiesis shifts from liver to bone marrow

30
Q

Steps for fetal cardiopulmonary transition prior to the onset of labor

A

Lung maturity (surfactant)
Absorb lung fluid
Inc. blood oxygen content
Loss of placental circulation

31
Q

Fetal shunts

A 
Ductus venosus (bypass liver)
Ductus arteriosus (bypass lungs)
Foramen ovale (RA to LA)
32
Q

Pulmonary circulation oxygen saturation in fetuses

A

~55%

33
Q

When does cortisol peak during gestation

A

30-36 weeks

34
Q

What does the cortisol peak do during gestation?

A

Influences angiogenesis and matures parenchyma; enhances clearance of lung fluid and production of surfactant

35
Q

Secretion of fetal lung fluid begins at what week of gestation?

A

~6th week

36
Q

How does the fetal lung secret fluid?

A

Produced by active secretion of chloride, creating an osmotic gradient

37
Q

Why does preterm labor and c-section delivery result in fluid retention in lungs?

A

Fetal lung clearance begins several days before labor. Failure of normal absorption results in respiratory distress

38
Q

Fetal lung fluid is cleared and drained via ___________ circulation

A

pulmonary

39
Q

Ion transporter involved in fetal lung fluid reabsorption shortly before labor

A

ENaC (moves Na in, which also draws Cl and water in as well)

40
Q

How might the presence of fetal lung fluid help the first breath?

A

By establishing a lower opening pressure

41
Q

When does the ductus venosus close?

A

1 week after birth

42
Q

When does the ductus arteriosus close?

A

4-8 weeks after birth

43
Q

When does the foramen ovale close?

A

months to years after birth

44
Q

How long does it take for an average baby to reach 90% oxygen saturation after birth (in minutes)

A

~5-6 minutes

45
Q

Why might it be detrimental to clamp the umbilical cord before the baby has the chance to establish ventilation?

A

Causes dec. venous return
Cardiac output dec.
Systemic BP increases to compensate
Low pulmonary blood flow

46
Q

congenital anomaly; most common developmental lesion of the respiratory tract; previously known as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

A

Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM)

  • previously known as CCAM
47
Q

When does CPAM often diagnosed in the US?

A

weeks 18-22 gestation

48
Q

Blind pouch/tube

A

diverticulum

Respiratory 1 (11 decks)

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