Physical Activity & Sports in Society Flashcards by Mikayla Portiss

Types of Leadership

Supporting, Coaching, Directing, Delegating

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Negligence

Falling under the standard of care required

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Comparative Negligence

The relative degree between plaintiff and defendant, based of proportional carelessness

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4 Actions Necessary to Prove Negligence

The accused had legal duty towards the injured
The accused failed to fulfill his/her duty
A direct causal relationship between the breach of duty and injury
Damage done to the plaintiff is legally recognized and documented

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Theories about Violence

Instinct Theory, Frustration - Aggression Theory, Social Learning Theory

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Instinct Theory

Violent behaviour is human instinct

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Frustration - Aggression Theory

Aggression results in pent up frustration produces a catharsis

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Social Learning Theory

Observation of others; reinforcement from important figures/ interactions with others

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Types of Leadership Styles (US Army Handbook)

Autocratic, Participative, Free-rein

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Types of Cases possible to be presented

General, Intentional, Negligence, Criminal, Administrative, Human Rights

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Role of Psychology in Sports

Physical conditioning, Technical skill, Psychological readiness

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IPS - Ideal Performance State

Imagery/Visualization, Developing concentration, Positive self-talk, Goal setting (SMART Goals)

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Motivations of Athletes

Intrinsic & Extrinsic

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8 Areas of Negligence

Poor instruction or lack of instructor, lack of supervision, unsafe facilities , not appropriate for age/skill, physical mismatches, failure to explain consequences, transportation

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3 Types of Supervision

Specific/Direct, General/On-site, Tranditional/Direct

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4 Basic Functions

Behaviour Management, Enforce Rules, Warn of potential dangerous situations, Emergency Care

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Forms of Cheating in Sports

Drugs, Recruiting violations, corrupt judges, illegal equipment, technology

Sport Ethics

Cluster of norms that many individuals in power & performance in sports have accepted as what it means to be successful in sports

Doping Control Solutions

Biological Passports
Save blood/urine samples for up to 8 years
random/ targeted testing

Ergonomic Aid: Any substance that enhances work output or capacity

Improve capacity of muscles and cardiovascular system to work harder & longer
Prevents the nervous system from functioning normally

Physiological Reasons

Increase performance
Speed up recovery from injury
All athletes to compete when injured
Increase training intensity

Types of Performance Enhancing Aids

Nutritional Aids
Pharmacological Aids
Physiological Aids

Nutritional Aids

Vitamins, minerals, protein and amino acid supplements, creatine
Cannot be properly regulated by FDA

Pharmacological Aids

Stimulants
Narcotic Analgesics (Painkillers)
Steroids; build muscle, recovery time
Beta-blockers; calm/steady heart rate
Diuretics; Dilute urine

Physiological Aids

- Naturally occuring in body (EPO, insulin) - Blood doping techniques - Drug masking agents - Universally banned

Methods of use for Steroids

Injection, pills, creams, (Stacking all products together)

How does protein synthesis and repair work, and how do steroids affect this?

Protein synthesis is the micro tear in muscle fibres that take 48 hours to heal causing muscle growth. Steroids speed up this process causing quicker recovery, repair & growth, workout intensity to be sped up.

Anabolic Steroids

- Build Muscle - Androgenic

Corticoid Steroids

- Reduce inflammation - Cannot build muscle - Makes testosterone/ synthetic version of testosterone

1Testosterone vs 2Glucocorticoids

1. Builds Muscle 2. Deteriates/decrease muscle

Medical issues from overuse/abuse of steroids

- Roid Rage - Women gain manly features -Acne - Male pattern baldness

Andro

Is produced naturally in ovaries & testes, converts to either estrogen or testosterone, similar to steroids, if gone wrong produces estrogen, banned

Creatine

Produced in liver, kidney & pancreas, stored in muscle tissue, makes ATP energy for short term performance, can cause weight gain, not banned

Blood Buffers

Resists Ph exchange, removes H+ causing no change in blood Ph limiting the production of lactic acid, can cause flu like symptoms, not banned expect for horse racing

Blood Doping

Removes red blood cells, filter the plasma out 8-12 weeks before competition, readded 1-7 days before competition. Elevates hemoglobin levels & cardio increase because of oxygen & lactic level decrease, difficult to monitor

Human Growth Hormone

Secreted in anterior gland, increase growth & repair in bone/muscle tissue, reduces LDL (cholesterol), banned

EPO

Naturally made by the kidney, increases red blood cells, similar effects as blood doping, banned, and monitored through ratio of red/white blood cells if over 50% disqualified

Hostile vs Instrumental

Instrumental aggression - an intention to hurt the other person, but the hurting takes place as a means to some goal other than causing pain. Hostile aggression - an act of aggression stemming from a feeling of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury.

Masculinity Justification

Charles Barkley on the explanation of the Pistons outbreak game

Catharsis

Pent up emotions having a release