Physical Activity

Question 1

What is the difference between physical activity and exercise (with definitions)?

Answer 1

Physical activity = Any body movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in an increased energy expenditure above resting levels (McArdle et al., 2015)
Exercise = Physical activity that is planned, structures, repetitive and purposeful (McArdle et al., 2015)

Question 2

Define sedentary behaviour?

Answer 2

Sedentary behaviour refers to any waking activity characterised by an energy expenditure <1.5 metabolic equivalents and a sitting or reclined posture (Owen et al., 2010)

Question 3

What is the relationship between sedentary behaviour and health?

Answer 3

Sedentary behaviour is independently and positively associated with all cause mortality. (canadian fitness study 1981)

Question 4

What are the benefits of PA on health?

Answer 4

1. decrease in all cause mortality
2. improved bone health
3. weight reduction
4. improvement in mental health
5. improvement in cognitive function
6. increase physical function in elderly
7. reduced frailty in elderly
8. improved sleep
9. decreased risk of CVD, diabetes, stroke, hypertension etc

Question 5

WHat are some examples of physical activity?

Answer 5

Hoovering
Gardening
Travelling
DIY

Question 6

What factors affect the outcome/benefits of PA??

Answer 6

Duration
Frequency
Intensity
Type

Question 7

What kind of relationship exists between PA and health?

Answer 7

A positive one that increases with duration, frequency, time and intensity of PA.

Question 7

What kind of relationship exists between PA and health?

Answer 7

A positive one that increases with duration, frequency, time and intensity of PA.

Question 8

What are some components of physical fitness? (6)

Answer 8

1. Skeletal muscle strength
2. Skeletal muscle endurance
3. Flexibility
4. Balance
5. Reaction time
6. Agility

Question 9

What is the relationship between PA and mortality?

Answer 9

A dose-dependent relationship. Generally a decrease in mortality with increased PA, however, a J shaped curve can often be seen demonstrating an increase in mortality following a drastically increased PA. Many factors responsible including cardiac strain and injury.

Question 10

• there is unequivocal evidence from the past 7 years evidencing the protective effects, reduced moratilty and morbidity rates following increased PA and physical fitness.

Answer 10

n/a

Question 11

PA reduces the risk of CVD, stroke, T2DM, and cancer by what percentages, respectively?

Answer 11

CVD and stroke = 35%
T2DM = 50%
cancers = 21-50% (WHO 2020)

Question 12

WHat are some chronic diseases associated with a sedentary lifestyle or inadequate PA?

Answer 12

1. non-communicable diseases
2. bone frailty (osteoperosis, athritis)
3. Digestive issues (constipation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease)
4. Cancers
5. muscle atrophy (sarcopenia)
6. endocrine issues (diabetes, obesity)

Question 13

Sedentary behaviour is associated specifically with an increased risk of what diseases?

Answer 13

CVD, diabetes, hypertension, certain cancers

Question 14

What is the global estimated hours each individual spends sedentary each day?

Answer 14

7.7 hours (Park et al., 2020)

Question 15

What number is physical inactivity in the leading causes of global mortality?

Answer 15

Fourth leading cause of mortality