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LVL H - NUTCORE > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the BMI classifications?

A

Underweight <18.5
Normal 18.5 - 24.9
Overweight 25 - 29.9
Obese class I 30 - 34.9
Obese class II 35 - 39.9
Obese class III >40

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2
Q

What 3 factors are the fundamental cause of obesity?

A
  1. An imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended.
  2. Intake of energy dense foods high in fat
  3. Sedentary lifestyle
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3
Q

Obesity cause info**

A

Multifactorial disorder involving
environmental, sociocultural, socioeconomic, genetic, epigenetic factors as well as lifestyle factors
Changes in homeostasis - insulin and leptin resistance, overriding of satiety signals, hedonistic eating behaviours

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4
Q

Obesity is most common in which 4 populations?

A
  1. Low socioeconomic populations
  2. Older generations
  3. Some ethnic minority groups
  4. People with disability
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5
Q

Adipose tissue is the largest endocrine organ. What does it secrete? What do they implicate?

A

Hundreds of hormones and cytokines.
These implicate the development of insulin resistance, obesity and CVD in addition to directly affecting liver metabolism and regulating appetite, satiety, inflammation and BP.

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6
Q

What is the main pathophysiologic response seen in NCDs? What 4 major processes does this mediate?

A

Obesity involves the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. They mediate:
1. Insulin sensitivity
2. Oxidative stress
3. Metabolism
4. Blood coagulation (atherosclerosis)

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7
Q

What are some negative metabolic effects of obesity? (10 answers)

A
  1. Insulin resistance
  2. PCOS
  3. Gallstones and gall bladder disease
  4. dyslipidaemia
  5. fatty liver-non alcoholic steatohepatitis
  6. T2DM
  7. impaired glucose tolerance
  8. CVD
  9. Osteoarthritis
  10. Cancer
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8
Q

*Obesity > increased adipose tissue > interruption of hormonal responses (adipose tissue is an endocrine organ) > metabolic complications

A

n/a

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9
Q

What percentage of T2DM sufferers have a BMI >23kg/m2?

A

90% (butland et al., 2007)

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10
Q

What is the waist circumference cut off for men and women?

A

> 102 men
88 women

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11
Q

When is blood glucose classed as elevated?

A

> 6.1 mmol/L

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12
Q

What are the criterias for metabolic syndrome diagnosis? What are the values for each criteria?

A
  1. Increased waist circumference (>102cm men, >88cm women)
  2. Elevated blood TGs (>1.7mmol/L)
  3. Low blood HDL-c (<1.03 mmol/L men, <1.3 mmol/L women)
  4. Elevated BP (>130 mmHg/>85 mmHg
  5. Elevated blood glucose/insulin resistance (>5.6 mmol/L)
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13
Q

How many criterias must be met to diagnose metabolic syndrome?

A

3 of the 5

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14
Q

How many times more likely is an obese person to get hypertension? What % of people with hypertension have a BMI >25kg/m2?

A

5x more likely.
>85% hypertension associated with BMI >25 kg/m2 (butland et al., 2007)

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15
Q

What ethnic minorities are at increased risk for CVD?

A

South asians and africans/african-carribeans

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16
Q

What percentage of all non-smoking cancer deaths are related to obesity?

A

10% (butland et al., 2007)

17
Q

How does stress and therfore increased cortisol metabolically affect obesity?

A

Adipose tissue mass increases, leptin increases, pro-inflammatory mediator increase (IL-1, IL-6, TNF).
Weight gain, depression, high energy food selection and leptin resistance

18
Q

What are some factors that may influence the development of obesity? (11 answers)

A
  1. Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
  2. Medications
  3. Body composition
  4. Disease
  5. Appetite regulation (hormone control)
  6. Pregnancy
  7. Maternal nutiriton (nutrition in infancy)
  8. Digestion and absorption efficiency (metabolism)
  9. Microbiome gut signalling
  10. Physical activity
  11. Diet
  12. Stress/anxiety
  13. Sleep
  14. Genetics
19
Q

What are some social influences that could aid obesity?`

A
  1. Media
  2. Education
  3. Peer pressure
  4. Ideal body image
  5. Parental control
  6. Food exposure
  7. Stress
  8. Self esteem
  9. Socioeconomic/sociocultural status
20
Q

What are some things that could influence an individuals physical activity participation?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Education
  3. Access to facilities
  4. Cost
  5. Weather conditions
  6. Oppertunity
  7. Mobility
21
Q

What are some proposals for action agaisnt obesity set by WHO? (6)

A
  1. Reducing commercial pressure to consumer high energy products
  2. Reduce fat, salt and sugar in manufactured products
  3. Enabling easier/cheaper access to healthier foods
  4. Measures to enable healthy food and PA in schools
  5. Encouraging health services to provide advice on diet and PA.
  6. Promotion of breast feeding
22
Q

What are some proposals for action agaisnt obesity set by PHE? (speficially children)

A
  1. 20% reduction in sugar levels of manufactured foods for children
  2. 20% reduction in calories consmed by children
  3. Increased consumption of healthy food groups among children
  4. Reduce levels of salt in average diets across UK population
23
Q

What are the main methods of management for obesity? (individual)

A
  1. Dietary restriciton
  2. Increase PA
  3. Drugs/Medications
  4. Surgery
  5. Education
  6. Treatment of other comorbidities (i.e diabetes etc)
24
Q

What are some dietary interventions for obesity?

A
  1. Improving diet quality
  2. Medeterranian diet
  3. Low GI foods
  4. Partial meal replacvement
  5. Kcal deficit
  6. fasting or time restricted feeding
25
Q

WHat are 2 bariatric surgery methods?

A

Gastric band and Gastric bypass

26
Q

What diet and by who was shown to reverse T2DM? Who was it funded by?

A

Newcastle 600kcal/day diet study. Funded by diabetes uk

27
Q

WHat plan was implemented by the NHS in regards to healthier eating for the public?

A

Change for life plan

28
Q

WHat are some common obesity addressing drugs? How do they work?

A

Orlistat
Liraglutide
Alli
XLS-medical
They prevent the absorption of a % of dietary fat

LVL H - NUTCORE (6 decks)

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