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LVL H - NUTCORE > Nutrition & Diabetes > Flashcards

Nutrition & Diabetes Flashcards

Week 4

1
Q

What are the 3 different types of diabetes?

A
  1. Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 - A genetic autoimmune disease where the body does not produce enough insulin due to destroyed pancreatic beta cells
  2. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 - metabolic disease caausing impaired insulin secretion or insulin resistance
  3. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus - impaired glucose tolerance in pregnant women (usually overweight or obese women). Can be reverted
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2
Q

What are the aetiologies/risk factors for T2DM? (9 answers)

A
  1. Obesity/Overweight (responsible for 80-85% of risk,(Diabetes UK, 2019)
  2. Genetics
  3. Lack of PA
  4. PCOS
  5. Hypertension
  6. Age
  7. Dyslipidaemia
  8. Diet high in sugar and saturated fats
  9. Ethnicity or socioeconomic status (african/carribean origin)
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3
Q

What is the prevalence of diabetes (worldwide and UK)?

A

Worldwide: 463 million adults in 2019.
Mostly from lo-, middle-income countries (WHO, 2019)

UK: 4.7 million people in the UK in 2019.
By 2030, >5.5 million (Diabetes UK, 2019)

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4
Q

What are some functions of insulin? (4 answers)

A
  1. Glucose, amino acid, FFA uptake.
  2. Glycogen and protein synthsis.
  3. Triglyceride storage
  4. Cell growth and differentiation
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5
Q

What functions does inulin inhibit? (3 answers)

A
  1. Lipolysis
  2. Glycogenolysis
  3. Gluconeogensis
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6
Q

What can too much and too little insulin in the body cause?

A

Hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar due to too much insulin)
Hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar due to inefficient insulin)

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7
Q

What is the pathophysiology of T2diabetes? ( answers)

A
  1. Defective insulin secretion
  2. Peripheral insulin resistance - resistance in insulin sensitive tissues - eventually causes pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis
  3. Metabolic imbalance of insulin, glucose, carbs, fats
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8
Q

What is the most common cause of death in individuals with T2DM? What other aetilogies increase this risk further?

A

CVD is most common cause of death
Hypertension and dyslipidaemia increase risk further

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9
Q

T2DM is the leading cause for disease of what organ?

A

Kidney disease (nephropathy)

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10
Q

What other diseases aside from kidney disease and CVD does T2DM increase the risk of? (4 answers)

A
  1. retinopathy
  2. nerve damage (gangrene)
  3. dementia
  4. mood disorders
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11
Q

What are the main nutritional management/prevention stratergies for type 2 diabetes? (individual) (7 answers)

A
  1. weight loss/energy restriction
  2. increase in PA (aerobic/resistance)
  3. reduce fat and sat fat intake
  4. improvement in diet (low GI foods, wholegrains, omega 6, medeterranian)
  5. coffee (4+ cups <risk by 47%)
  6. Low CHO diet (glycaemic control)
  7. Low GI foods (improvements in HbA1c)
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12
Q

What drug is commonly used to treat T2DM? What other drugs are appropriate for T2DM treatment?

A

Metaformin.
Other drugs include incretins GLP-1 agnoists (gut related hormones or
sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) promotes glucose reabsorption in the kidney.

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13
Q

Excess insulin in the blood stream can cause what? WHat are the symptoms of this and what can result?

A

Hypoglycaemia
Irritability, headache, hunger, rapid heartbeat
Coma and death

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14
Q

Not enough insulin in the blood stream can cause what? WHat are the symptoms of this and what can result?

A

Hyperglycaemia
Increased thirst, tiredness, weight loss, frequent urination (typical diabetes symptoms)

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15
Q

What is a term given when tissues fail to respond normally to the effects of insulin?

A

insulin resistance or impaired glucose tolerance

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16
Q

What are some metabolic impacts following insulin resistance? *think metabolic syndrome (6)

A
  1. hyperglycaemia,
  2. dyslipidaemia, (lipotoxicity)
  3. hypertension,
  4. hyperuricaemia,
  5. visceral adiposity (obesity)
  6. endothelial dysfunction (CVD)
17
Q

What is the twin cyce hypothesis?

A

The twin cycle hypothesis proposed that type 2 diabetes occurs due to accumulation of fat in the liver. During long-term intake of more calories than are expended, excess carbohydrate must undergo de novo lipogenesis, which particularly promotes fat accumulation in the liver. This induces insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinaemia – leading to a self-reinforcing cycle, by which insulin stimulates fat production, which spills into the pancreas and causes type 2 diabetes.

18
Q

What are the values that confirm glucose intolerance and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in a fasting individual? WHat is the value for a non-fasted individual?

A

6.1-6.9 mmol/L = glucose intolerance
>7.0 mmol/L = diabetes
>11.1 mmol/L

19
Q

What are 3 acute pathophysiologicial diabetes complications that can occur?

A

Hypoglycaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Diabetic Ketoacidosis

20
Q

What disease is the most common cause of death and disability among diabetics?

A

CVD (diabetes doubles risk)

21
Q

An increase in PA can reduce diabetes incidence rate by how much %?

A

44%

22
Q

What are the main nutritional management/prevention stratergies for type 1 diabetes? (individual) (4 answers)

A
  1. Match insulin to CHO intake
  2. Consistent meal times and foods
  3. Monitoring of BG when partaking in physical activity (can easily lead to hypos and hypers)
  4. Decrease alcohol

LVL H - NUTCORE (6 decks)

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