physical

Question 1

how much c in atm

Answer 1

800GT

Question 2

how much c in hydrosphere

Answer 2

58,000Gt

Question 3

how much C is lithosphere

Answer 3

ovewr 99%

Question 4

how much C in biosphere

Answer 4

3000Gt

Question 5

sedimentary rock formation

Answer 5

deposited layers in low energy environments,
more layers, diagenesis, low layers compressed

Question 6

limestone formation

Answer 6

10% carbon by weight
mountains, began as ocean sediments rich in calcium carbomate, sediments upfolded

Question 7

shale and coal formation

Answer 7

remains of organisms
sank
covered by silt
decayed anerobically
compressed

Question 8

terrestrial sequestration

Answer 8

photosynthesis, climate change increases temps, less plant growth and less absorption
animals, consume, repiration, to atmosphere, die, return to soil
vary diurnally and seasonally

Question 9

biological pump

Answer 9

CO2 to surface ocean, phytoplankton and photosynthesis absorb
30% sinks to deeper waters

Question 10

physical pump

Answer 10

moves carbon to different depths through down and upwelling
downwelled, carbon sinks to slow cycle
eventually return in thermohaline circulation

Question 11

carbonate pump

Answer 11

sediments from dead organisms which fall to the floor, rich in calcium carbonate

Question 12

human impacts on ocean cycle

Answer 12

increased ocean acidity
carbonic acid reactd with ions needed for organisms to create shells, therefore thinner and frangile
warmer oceans means decreased productivity for most plankton

Question 13

Norway

Answer 13

11x more renewables than UK
mountainous and HEP since 1907
much of oil is exported
600 HEP sites provide 98% of renewable energy
gov doesnt allow foreign ownergsip of resources
policy for change in 2016, net zero by 2050

Question 14

UK

Answer 14

1970’s coal dependent, among global leaders in nuclear
momentum lost after NS gas discovered, secure alternative to middle east
privatisation of industries mean overseas companies decide on energy source
40% gas
15% nuclear

Question 15

players

Answer 15

OPEC
consumers
national govs
TNCs
national companies

Question 16

national govs

Answer 16

securing supplies to meet current and future needs and economic growth
regualting private companies
taxation of oil
investments in new energy
drilling licenses

Question 17

TNCs

Answer 17

overlook environment
concerns for profit
less restrined by politics
shell $28bn profit in 2023
own supply lines
use capital in LICs to influence government decisions

Question 18

consumers

Answer 18

public opinion
safety of nuclear
pressure groups

Question 19

OPEC

Answer 19

12 nations
78% of petroleum supply
set production quotas for members
adjust price dependent on supply and demand
russia not joined
political element to decisions

Question 20

national companies

Answer 20

Gazprom
resource nationalisation
TNCs excludes
russia ukraine conflicts resulted in pathway disruption