Physical 1: Energetics Flashcards
what energy change is breaking bonds associated with?
energy taken in to break bonds – endothermic reaction
what energy change is making bonds associated with?
energy is released to make bonds – exothermic reaction
what are some uses of thermochemistry?
- measuring and comparing the energy values of fuels
- calculating the energy requirements for industrial processes
- working out the theoretical amount of energy released/taken in a reaction
- predicting if a reaction will take place or not
what is an endothermic reaction?
one with an overall positive enthalpy change – energy in breaking bonds > energy in making bonds
what is an exothermic reaction?
one with an overall negative enthalpy change – energy in breaking bonds < energy out making bonds
if a reversible reaction is endothermic one way, what type of reaction is the other way?
exothermic
give 2 examples of exothermic reactions
- combustion of fuels
- neutralisation
give an example of an endothermic reaction
thermal decomposition
define enthalpy change?
energy change of a system at a constant pressure
what are standard conditions?
100kPa / 1 atm pressure
298K / 25 degrees Celsius temperature
what does “in standard state” mean?
the state an element/compound exists at in standard conditions (100kPa , 298K)
define standard enthalpy of formation
the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from it’s constituent elements in standard conditions (100kPa, 298K) with reactants and products in their standard states
give an example of an equation which represents standard enthalpy of formation (hydrogen and oxygen)
H2 (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) –> H2O (l)
define standard enthalpy of combustion
the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is burnt completely in oxygen in standard conditions (100kPa, 298K), with reactants and products in their standard states
give an example of an equation which represents standard enthalpy of combustion (carbon and oxygen)
C (s) + O2 (g) –> CO2 (g)
what is the difference between heat and temperature?
heat is the sum of all particles’ energy, therefore it is affected by the amount of substance; temperature is related to the mean kinetic energy of the particles in a system, so is independent of the number of particles present
how can you calculate enthalpy change from experimental data?
use the equation Q = mc∆T
m = mass of substance being heated
c = specific heat capacity of substance
∆T = change in temperature
water specific heat capacity
4.18gJ-1K-1
what is a flame calorimeter, and how does it differ to a simple calorimeter?
reduced heat lost to the surrounding to give more accurate results: has a spiral chimney made of copper, an enclosed flame and the fuel is burnt in pure oxygen (not air!)
how would you measure the enthalpy change for a reaction occuring in (aq) ?
use an expanded polystyrene cup as a calorimeter (good insulator –> reduce heat loss)
Heat is generated in the solution; measure this temperature change
take heat capacity of solution to be 4.18 and density of solution = 1gcm-3
what can you use to make experimental determination of enthalpy change of reaction more accurate?
cooling curves
what is Hess’ Law?
states that the enthalpy change for a reaction is the same regardless of the route taken
what is the enthalpy of an element?
the enthalpy of all elements in their standard states (the states in which they exist at 100kPa and 298K) is defined as 0
define bond dissociation enthalpy
the enthalpy change is required to break a covalent bond, with all species in the gaseous state; differs for the same bond type in different molecules
define mean bond enthalpy
average value (across different chemical environments) for the bond dissociation enthalpy of a given bond
why may experimental methods of enthalpy determination not be very accurate?
heat is lost to the surroundings
not in standard conditions
reaction may not go to completion
why will using bond enthalpies not be as accurate as using standard enthalpy of combustion/formation?
bond enthalpies are a mean for the same bond across different molecules; standard enthalpy of combustion and formation apply just to that molecule, therefore they are more accurate
