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GI > Phys: VOP movement > Flashcards

Phys: VOP movement Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the GI tract and where they occur

A

ingest: oral cavity
secrete: throughout the canal depend on needs

mechanical digestion: mouth to SI

propulsion:throughout

chemical digestion: mouth to small intestine

absorption: small intestine
excretion: colon and rectum

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2
Q

factors that affect function

A 
stretch
pH
osmolarity 
enzymes  present
substrates of enzymes
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3
Q

firing of AP in GI differs how

A

instead of single you see bursts

CCB (Nifedipine ) can eliminate bursting function

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4
Q

layers of the alementary canal and what they contain

A

Mucosa (epithelium)

submucosa (blood vessels nerves and bodies of the glands)

muscularis externa (2 layers most of the time )

adventitia (connected to surrounding skeleton) and

serosa (where the elementary canal is freely mobile and needs to be able to slide over tissues)

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5
Q

where do we see three layers of the muscularis externa

A

stomach to aid in digestion

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6
Q

goblet cells make mucus in the

A

stomach

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7
Q

thick stratified squamous epithelium is characteristic of what part of the alimentary canal

A

mouth to protect against abraision

consistent through the esophagus

in the stomach we see simple columnar epithelium

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8
Q

deep gastric pits are responsible for

A

secretion of acids

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9
Q

bicarbonate is made in the

A

small intestine and duodenum

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10
Q

Regulation of alimentary canal is controlled by

A

local reflexes within the enteric NS and autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

what are peyer’s patches

A

accumulation of lymphoid cells within the submucosa

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12
Q

peyer’s patches are responsible for

A

protect against the bacteria in the colon that might sneak through the ileocecal valve

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13
Q

folded mucosa or mucous membrane is characteristics of

A

small intestine

in the large intestine the muscularis wall is much thinner and mucus is just produced to lubricate the tube

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14
Q

types of movement seen in the AC

A

longitudinal (peristalsis)

segmentation mixing

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15
Q

this type of movement causes the contents of the alimentary canal to move down the length of the canal

A

Peristalsis /Longitudinal movement

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16
Q

blood flow that feeds the abdomen is known as

A

Splanchnic Circulation

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17
Q

what causes increased blood flow in the AC

A

Absorption or muscular activity

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18
Q

what decreases blood flow in the AC

A

atherosclerosis

pts with PVD can have issues with the

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, interior mesenteric artery

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19
Q

Blood flow leaving the gut is collected in the veins of the

where does it go after?

A

hepatic portal system and run that blood through the liver so toxins can be removed

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20
Q

propulsion occurs throughout the alimentary canal and can be divided into these segments

A

a. Pregastric
b. Gastric
c. Small Intestine
d. Colon
e. Defecation

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21
Q

mm responsible for positioning of food between the teeth

A

b. Buccinators and tongue

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22
Q

mm for grinding movements

A

c. Pterygoids

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23
Q

mm for biting down

A

Masseters raise jaw, bite

temporalis

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24
Q

muscle used to open the jaw

A

we don’t have one

We open the jaw by relaxing those muscles (temporalis and masseter) and let gravity open the jaw

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25
Q

controls on the process of salivation

A

cephalic

through the salivary nucleus in the brain stem
carried on CNVII chorda tympani - which gives off branches to sublingual, submandibular and parotid glands)

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26
Q

what is the NT responsible for controlling salivations

A

PSNS (Ach as NT)

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27
Q

swallowing voluntary or reflexive

A

Voluntary and reflexive

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28
Q

what’s the role of epiglottis while eating?

what controls this

A

Epiglottis is pushed down by base of tongue to cover the airway

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29
Q

what prevents us from aspirating while eating

A

Nervous signals carried back to pneumotaxic center of the brain to suppress the respiratory drive so you don’t aspirate

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30
Q

Esophagus penetrates the diaphragm at the _______ and enters the stomach at the ______

A

ii. Esophagus penetrates the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus and enters the stomach at the cardiac orifice

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31
Q

distal end of the stomach is known as the

A

v. Distal end : antrum and the pylorus

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32
Q

how many layers of muscle do we have in the stomach and why is it different

A

3 layers of muscle

Additional layer of diagonal muscle allows for a more varied contraction to mechanically digest food

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33
Q

what can be absorbed directly through the stomach

A

Additional layer of diagonal muscle allows for a more varied contraction to mechanically digest food

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34
Q

wha is absorbed by the stomach

A

water, ETOH, and ASA can be absorbed directly through the lining of the stomach

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35
Q

Only region in the alimentary canal that does both segmentation AND peristalsis

A

Small Intestine

36
Q

what is anticipatory emptying of the stomach and why does it occur

A

also called mass movements this occurs when you eat a meal, your stomach will induce a mass movement downstream using the enteric NS that will cause emptying of the LI and emptying of the SI into the LI

37
Q

describe the two movements of the stomach

A

peristaltic contraction occurs in anticipation of food whereas segmentation occurs as the stomach empties slowly in the SI

38
Q

describe the muscular movement that occurs in the SI

A

segments itself into different chambers using its circular musculature. this serves to serves to mix and churn, further mechanically digest the food as well as chemically digest the food via enzymes

39
Q

the bulk of absorption happens in the part of the AC

A

Bulk of absorption happens in the SI

40
Q

Softening of the ileocecal valve between the SI and LI that’s part of the clearing of the contents of the SI.

is known as the

A

Gastroileal reflexes

the stomach triggers this so that the cecum will be more receptive

41
Q

Distension leads to what in the LI

A

leads to formation of contractile ring and movement of contents

42
Q

what is the main function of the LI

A

to absorb water as well as waste products of bacteria/vitamins

43
Q

describe the musculature of the LI

A

Weak musculature that bands across the center of the LI

It pulls the LI into pleated structures called haustra

44
Q

d. Mass movements

A

movements throughout the organ that serve to empty out the organ in anticipation of receiving contents from upstream

45
Q

mass movements in the LI result in

A

dump stool into the rectum

46
Q

innervation of the rectum

A

somatice (ventral horn)
and autonomic

Rectum is innervated extensively and you feel the contents of the rectum as pressure

47
Q

describe the inner and outer anal ring

A

Inner ring is smooth muscle - controlled autonomically

Outer ring is skeletal muscle - part of your somatic nervous system

48
Q

types of glands seen in the AC

A

single cell (goblet)
Pits (multicellular)
tubular MC)
Complex (MC)

49
Q

these glands make mucus

A

single cell/goblet

50
Q

what are goblet cells (what ar ethye composed of )

A

Goblet cells’ cell body and cytoplasm are composed of mucus containing vesicles that spill their mucus on to the surface

51
Q

where are tubule glands found and what do they do

A

Some of the gland is embedded in the submucosa. The tube connects in to the epithelial surface and the whole thing is of epithelial origin

52
Q

glands where the mucosa invaginates from the surface deep into the submucosa

A

Pits

The cells that make the secretions line those pits

53
Q

What is saliva

A

99% water

Electrolytes, mucus, and enzymes (dominated by amylase) in it

54
Q

secretion of saliva is based on

A

i. Based on Na/K pump activity —>

Na+ is being pumped out of the cell and K into the cell and using that to drive 2ndary transport mechanisms for molecules like bicarb and chloride

55
Q

describe the Na/K pump function that leads to salivary excretion

A

Na+ is being pumped out of the cell and K into the cell and using that to drive 2ndary transport mechanisms for molecules like bicarb and chloride

active absorption of Na from the duct and pumping out of potassium leads to higher K content

56
Q

amylase primarily breaks down what substance nad is under the control of what nervous systme

A

breaks down starch and is under the control of the PSNS and SNS

57
Q

PSNS causes what salivary output

A

causes secretion of more watery saliva (with more amylase in it)

58
Q

SNS has what impact on salivary secretion

A

Sympathetic division causes secretion of stickier saliva which results in dry mouth you get when you’re speaking in public or you get nervous

59
Q

gastRic secretions occur in these glands

A

happens in gastric pits; invaginations of stomach mucosa

60
Q

acid is made by what type of cells

A

made by parietal cells

61
Q

what type of cells pake the precursor to pepsin

what is the name

A

zymogenic cells make pepsinogen which is the precursor to pepsin

62
Q

describe the production of pepsin and it’s function

A

Pepsinogen is released into the pit and it flows out of the pit into the lumen of the stomach. It has to flow through the acids that are secreted by the parietal cells above them and that converts the pepsinogen into pepsin and then its ready to start breaking down proteins

63
Q

pyloric glands serve what function? how are they triggered

A

release gastrin in response to stretch and contents within the stomach and acidity of the stomach

64
Q

describe the regulation of stomach acid

A

stomach acid secretion is regulated top down cephalically through vagus nerve inputs (top down)

and its regulated both through hormones and enteric NS within the alimentary canal

65
Q

these cells make pepsin

A

chief cells

66
Q

what mechanism is gastric secretion depdent on

A

ATP Na/k pump

Using an ATP pump to move K+ and protons at the luminal surface to pump protons into the lumen

ii. Also using 2ndary active transport to move bicarb and chloride
1. Chloride into the cell and move it into the cell as well, creating HCl within the luminal environment

67
Q

in response to gastrin enterochrommaifn cells due what what effect does this have on digestion

A

The ECF cells makes histamine in response to gastrin and then histamine stimulates acid production through H2 receptor

68
Q

H2 blockers have what effect on the AC

A

blocks acid production

69
Q

Cephalic control mediated through vagus nerve largely parasympathetic, works through Ach, stimulates ________production

A

Cephalic control mediated through vagus nerve largely parasympathetic, works through Ach, stimulates parietal cell acid production

70
Q

parietal cell acid production leads to the stimulation of

A

stimulates G cell gastrin production –>G cell stimulate acid production

71
Q

what is gastrin responding to and what is it’s role

A

gastrin is responding to stretch receptors and substrates within the lumen of the stomach as well as acid levels and

that’s controlling its stimulation of acid production in the fundus of the stomach

72
Q

how do stretch receptors communicate

A

Stretch receptors feedback through CNS reflexes as well as local controls regulating acid production

also feedback from the SI

73
Q

pancreas is responsive to what environemnet

A

the duodenum

when you have acid in the duado you have acidic chyme being released from the stomach and the duadenum release secretin which is going to slow down acid production in the stomach and is going to stimulate bicarb on release form the pancreas

74
Q

Fats in the duodenum cause a release of _____

A

ii. Fats in the duodenum cause a release of cholecystokinin

75
Q

cholecystokinin release causes what (gallbladder and pancreas)

A

causes gallbladder to release bile to help emulsify the fats and causes pancreas to release amylase and lipase to help breakdown fats

76
Q

the vagus nerve serves what role in the AC

A

The vagus nerve turns on all of the alimentary canal stimulates pancreatic secretion as well

77
Q

collection of cells and ducts in islands

A

Acinar

78
Q

Produce insulin that’s released in the blood and acts hormonally on the entire body

A

Islet of Langerhans

79
Q

Exocrine part of the pancreas is responsible for

A

releases the pancreatic enzymes that travel through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum through the sphincter of oddi
It’s the cells that line the ducts that makes the abundance of bicarb

80
Q

contents of bile

A

97% Mostly water with a little bit of bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin

made by the liver and secreted by the hepatic duct. backed up and stored in the gallbladder

81
Q

where is bile secreted and stored

A

made by the liver and secreted by the hepatic duct. backed up and stored in the gallbladder

gallbladder dehydrates and condenses.
longer it sits the more likely it is to form stone

82
Q

secretion of bile is under the control of

A

CCK (form the duodenum in response to fats)

cholecystokinin

83
Q

hormone that causes the gallbladder to go into motion

describe this motion

A

CCK causes gallbladder to go into motion

causes muscular wall of gallbladder to contract forcing bile into the duodenum through sphincter of oddi

84
Q

describe bile and how it emulsifies fat

A

Bile acts like a surfactant - it emulsifies fat. It has molecules that are both hydrophobic (into fat globule) and hydrophilic (kept out in h2o medium in the gut)

fractures the fat

85
Q

this part of the AC Makes Mucus and secretes digestive juices

A

SI

also makes bicarb in the earlier portions

86
Q

the SI is regulated by the

A

by enteric NS and by the greater NS through the vagus nerve

87
Q

what has happened to acid by the time you reach the SI

A

at this point the acid has been buffered

Largely E. coli is present and we absorb the products of their metabolism as vitamins

GI (13 decks)

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