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Neuroanatomy Exam 2 > Phys Special Sense > Flashcards

Phys Special Sense Flashcards

1
Q

T/F There is the smallest proportion of our brain devoted to sight than any other sense

A

False, the greatest

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2
Q

Visual pathway lesions:

If the lesion is found in the optic nerve, what will it result in?

A

Ipsilateral blindness - complete blindness in the eye on the affected optic nerve side

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3
Q

What are the functional implications of ipsilateral blindness?

A

Smaller visual field

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4
Q

Visual pathway lesions:

If there is compression bilaterally to the optic chiasm, what will it result in?

A

Binasal hemianopsia - loss of nasal fields bilaterally (temporal fields are spared)

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5
Q

What are the functional implications of bilateral compression to the optic chiasm (Binasal hemianopsia)?

A

Not huge, patients able to compensate more easily here than other lesions
May have issues with near vision, concentrating on a task

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6
Q

Visual pathway lesions:

If there is lesion to the optic chiasm, what will it result in?

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia - loss of bilateral temporal fields (nasal fields are spared)

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7
Q

Bitemporal hemianopsia is seen commonly with what type of tumors?

A

Pituitary tumors

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8
Q

What are the functional implications of bitemporal hemianopsia?

A 
Tunnel vision (peripheral obstacles go missed in both directions
High fall risk
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9
Q

Visual pathway lesions:

If there is damage to the left optic tract, what will it result in?

A

Homonymous Hemianopsia - Result in complete loss of binocular visual field of left nasal field and right temporal field (right side in both eyes)

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10
Q

Homonymous Hemianopsia is common with what?

A

CVA

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11
Q

Visual pathway lesions:

If there is a lesion to lower division of optic radiations (temporal lobe), what will it result in?

A

Upper quadrantanopia - at radiations everything is reversed so lower division lesion would present with upper quadrant loss

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12
Q

Functional implications of upper quadrantanopia?

A

Annoyance

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13
Q

Visual pathway lesions:

If there is lesion to upper division of optic radiations (parietal lobe), what will it result in?

A

Lower quadrantanopia

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14
Q

Visual pathway lesions:

If there is a lesion to both division of optic radiations or a lesion to visual cortex, what will it result in?

A

homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing

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15
Q

How is homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing functionally different than homonymous hemianopsia with optic tract lesions?

A

Not very different

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16
Q

T/F Each ear sends info to bilateral temporal lobs

A

True

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17
Q

What is monaural hearing loss due to?

A

Cochlear lesion or damage to CN 8

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18
Q

Why do we have 2 ears?

A

Binaural hearing offers several benefits

19
Q

What do inter-aural time difference and inter-aural intensity help do?

A

localize source of sound

20
Q

What cells are tuned to detect certain amount of time delay between two ears?

A

Cells in superior olive

21
Q

What is activated by combinations of frequencies and time intervals between frequencies to help localize source of sound?

A

thalamus

22
Q

The acquired hearing loss acoustic neuroma can be caused by what?

A

o Meniere’s Disease
o Traumatic Brain Injury
o Ototoxicity
o Presbycusis

23
Q

What are the functional implications of hearing loss?

A

o Directly, none

o But, in many causes of acquired hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction is not far behind

24
Q

What areas do vestibular nuclei receive inputs from?

A
  1. ipsilateral and contralateral vestibular nuclei
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Visual and somatic sensory inputs
25
Q

Vestibular nuclei participate in what 3 key reflexes?

A
  1. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)
  2. Vestibulospinal reflex (VSR)
  3. Vesitbulocollic reflex (VSR)
26
Q

What is the Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)?

A
  1. Gaze stabilization

2. Results in eye movements that equally counter head movements

27
Q

If the head moves to the L, what will occur to R and L semicircular canal, abducens, and oculomotor

A
    • L semicircular canal, + R abducens, + L oculomotor
    • R semicircular canal, - L abducens, - R oculomotor
      - > Eyes move to the RIGHT
28
Q

Damage to what central areas would cause vestibular damage involving VOR?

A

Damage to midbrain, pons

29
Q

Damage to what peripheral areas would cause vestibular damage involving VOR?

A

CN 8

Labrynth structures

30
Q

Vestibular damage to VOR would lead to what difficult?

A

Difficulty stabilizing image on retina while head is moving

31
Q

If you have bilateral vestibular dysfunction you will experience oscillopsia, what is that?

A

bouncing vision

32
Q

If you have unilateral vestibular dysfunction you will experience saccades and nystagmus, what are those?

A

Saccades - rapid movement of eye between fixation points

Nystagmus - repetitive, uncontrolled movements

33
Q

Postural adjustments with vestibulospinal and vestibulocollic reflexes (VSR, VCR) receive inputs from what structures?

A

Cerebellum
Semicircular canals (SCC)
Otholiths

34
Q

T/F descending vestibular pathways are not important for postural control

A

False, they are essential for postural control

35
Q

Describe vestibulospinal (VSR) starting with otoliths -

A
  1. Otoliths (utricle, saccule) project to
  2. LVN
  3. Axons descend to antigravity muscles at all levels of spinal cord
36
Q

Describe vestibulocollic reflexes (VCR) starting with MVN axons -

A
  1. MVN axons descend in
  2. Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) to
  3. Upper cervical levels of the spinal cord
37
Q

Tee vestibulocollic reflexes (VCR) dictates what?

A

Dictates head position in response to head rotation (SCC)

38
Q 
The vestibulospinal (VSR) (how it works) when you tilt head to one side: (ipsi and contra)
Canals and otoliths are stimulated \_\_\_\_ and inhibited \_\_\_\_
A

Canals and otoliths are stimulated ipsilaterally (and inhibited contralateral)

39
Q

When head is tilted to one side the VSR causes ipsilateral stimulated which increased what?

A

Input through vestibular nerve to the vestibular nuclei ipsilaterally

40
Q

When head is tilted to one side and the VSR causes increased input through the vestibular nerve to the vestibular nuclei ipsilaterally, impulses are transmitted through where to the spinal cord

A

Transmitted through the lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts to the spinal cord

41
Q

When the head is tilted to one side, how is the trunk affected?

A

Increased lateral extension of trunk on side of head tilt, increased flexion contralaterally

42
Q

Normally when person sways to the left, what with the L VSR do?

A

L VSR activated to bring body/trunk back to midline

43
Q

If there is damage to VSR/VCR, what 2 things will you see?

A
  1. Postural instability, difficulty sensing falling/tipping

2. Truncal ataxia: incoordination, unstable trunk movement during movement

Neuroanatomy Exam 2 (7 decks)

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