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Neuroanatomy Exam 2 > Anatomy Autonomic > Flashcards

Anatomy Autonomic Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ANS?

A

controls the function of structures with smooth muscle, cardiac muscle (heart), and certain glands; it operates without conscious control

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2
Q

Interoreceptors do what?

A

monitor body internal conditions

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3
Q

Viscero-sensory neurons send what input to the CNS?

A

send unconscious input to the CNS

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4
Q

Association neurons (control center) function as what? Are generally located where?

A

function to formulate a response to viscero-sensory input, they are located in integrating centers in the CNS

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5
Q

Association neurons are found in what 4 parts?

A
  1. Upper level emotional center (limbic)
  2. hypothalamus = paraventricular nucleus (also dorsomedial, posterior & mammillary nuc.)
  3. brain stem/reticular (CN 3,7,9,10/ventrolateral medulla)
  4. spinal cord dorsal/lateral horns T1-=L2 & S1-S3
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6
Q

Autonomic motor nuerons act in sympathetic and parasympathetic actions, what are those?

A
  1. sympathetic for “fight or flight” activation;

2. parasympathetic for “rest and digest” activation

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7
Q

What are 3 effectors of the ANS?

A
  1. smooth muscle ie. gut wall, blood vessels etc
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. glands (secretory cells)
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8
Q

sensory receptors for the SNS = conscious, perceived sensation and include what two types of senses?

A
  1. special senses: vision, auditory, gustation, olfaction, and equilibrium which are carried by cranial nerves
  2. somatic senses: pain, temperature, tactile, proprioceptive) which tend to be peripherally located (skin)
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9
Q

Sensory receptors for the ANS primarily monitor conditions in interior of the body using interoreceptors such as:

A
  1. chemo-receptors (CO2, glucose, etc)
  2. mechano-receptors (stretch in organs, and blood vessels) which are typically not consciously perceived (intense visceral stimuli can give rise to non-discriminate pain and nausea).
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10
Q 
Somatic motor (efferent) neurons:
Excite what type of muscle?
Voluntary/involuntary?
Intrinsic/no intrinsic activity?
A
  • Always excite skeletal muscle to cause contraction
  • Voluntarily controlled
  • No intrinsic activity: so when motor neuron input is lost skeletal muscles go limp
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11
Q 
ANS motor (efferent) neurons:
Intrinsic/no intrinsic activity?
Voluntary/involuntary?
A
  • have intrinsic activity and function even if the ANS motor neurons are lost
  • generally not under conscious control.
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12
Q

SNS motor (efferent) pathway:
How many neurons?
Where do they start/end?
Unmyelinated/myelinated axons?

A
  • 1 neuron pathway
  • ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter directly to the skeletal muscle target
  • myelinated axons
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13
Q 
ANS motor (efferent) pathway:
How many neurons?
What are they called?
Where do they start/end?
Unmyelinated/myelinated axons?
A

2 neuron pathway:

  1. preganglionic neuron: located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter or the cranial nerve nuclei of the brain stem which send myelinated axons to the second neuron
  2. postganglionic neuron: located in a nerve cell ganglion which sends an unmyelinated axon to the smooth or cardiac muscle or gland target
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14
Q

Most targets of ANS motor neurons are typically dual innervated, what does that mean?

A

Most targets of ANS motor neurons typically have nerve endings from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the ANS

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15
Q

The roles of parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons to increase or decrease activity depends on what?

A

The type of NT receptor on the target

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16
Q

Symp preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located where in spinal cord?

A

neuron cell bodies located in lateral horn of gray matter from spinal cord segment T1 to L2

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17
Q

Parasymp preganglionic neuron cell bodies are located where in spinal cord?

A

cell bodies located in cranial nerve nuclei of brain stem (cranial nerves 3, 7, 9,10), and lateral horn of spinal cord region S2-S4

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18
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk (paravertebral)?

A

ganglia two chains of ganglia that run the length of the vertebral column, located along the sides of the vertebral column

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19
Q

What are the prevertebral ganglia? Name the 5

A

lie anterior to the vertebral column and close to large abdominal arteries

  1. celiac
  2. aorticorenal
  3. superior mesenteric
  4. inferior mesentaric ganglion
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20
Q

The adrenal gland cells of the adrenal medulla are symp/para?
Pre/post ganglionic?
Secretes what hormone that binds to what receptor?

A
  • sympathetic ganglia
  • postganglionic nerve cell bodies
  • secrete Epinephrine which binds sympathetic adrenergic receptors when stimulated by sympathetic preganglionic fibers
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21
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia:
Far from/near organ of innervation?
Are the preganglionic fibers short or long?

A
  • located close to or within the organ of innervation
  • the preganglionic fibers can be very long running from the brain stem to the parasympathetic ganglia in the visceral organ of innervation.
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22
Q 
What CN runs in these ganglia and what is the final destination?
Ciliary ganglia - 
Pterygopalatine - 
Otic ganglia - 
Submandibular ganglie -
A
  1. ciliary ganglia: CN3 to eye
  2. pterygopalatine ganglia: CN7 to lacrimal glands
  3. otic ganglia: CN9 to parotid glands
  4. submandibular ganglia: CN7 to submandiular and sublingual glands
23
Q

White rami carry what?

A

carry preganglionic sympathetic axons to paravertebral ganglia

24
Q

Gray rami carry what?

A

carry postganglionic sympathetic axons back to spinal nerve for distribution with peripheral nerves

25
Q

splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least, and lumbar) carry what?

A

preganglionic sympathetic axons from paravertebral chain to prevertebral ganglia

26
Q

What does the vagus nerve carry?

A

carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to visceral organs in thorax and abdomen

27
Q

What does the carotid (sympathetic) periarterial plexus carry?

A

carry sympathetic postganglionic from superior cervical ganglia to brain and eye structures

28
Q

Sympathetic system will mass activate targets due to divergence. What does that mean?

A

single sympathetic preganglionic fiber through colaterals to stimulate multiple (20+) postganglionic fibers and ultimately a single preganglionic will stimulate many effector targets

29
Q

Sympathetic system will mass activate targets due to release of hormone Epinephrine. What organ releases it and what type of receptors does it bind to?

A

-By the adrenal medulla -Binds adrenergic receptors of sympathetic effectors throughout the body

30
Q

T/F Parasympathetic will also mass activate target organs

A

False, do not mass activate target organs instead at the target organ the fiber synapses with a few postganglionic neurons which act on only one target organ at that location, therefore they do not diverge to amplify the signal

31
Q

What NT binds to Cholinergic neurons?

A

ACh

  1. all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons
  2. sympathetic postganglionic neurons to sweat glands
  3. all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
32
Q

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors found where? Leads to depolarization /hyperpolarization/both?

A
  1. nicotinic found in both sympathetic and parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons; always leads to depolarization which stimulates the target
33
Q

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors found where? Leads to depolarization /hyperpolarization/both?

A
  1. muscarinic found in all effectors innervated by parasympathetic postganglionic neurons; and sweat glands innervated by sympathetic neurons
    - can lead to either depolarization/stimulation or hyperpolarization/inhibition of the target
34
Q

What 2 NTs bind to adrenergic neurons?

A
  1. NE (noradrenalin)

2. Epinephrine (hormone from adrenal medulla)

35
Q

T/F All sympathetic postganglionic synapse with effector is adrenergic except sweat glands

A

True

36
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors:
A1 -
A2 -
A3-

A

a) α 1 → depolarization and excitation
b) α 2 → hyperpolarization and inhibition
c) α 3 → thermogenesis of brown adipose

37
Q

Beta adrenergic receptors:
B1 -
B2 -

A

a) ß1 → depolarization and excitation

b) ß2 → hyperpolarization and inhibition

38
Q

How are neurotransmitter effects are ended? 3 ways

A
  1. enzymatic inactivation of the neurotransmitter
    a. acetylcholinesterase inactivates acetylcholine
    b. catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase MAO) inactivate norepinephrine
  2. removed from the synapse by endocytosis
  3. NT diffuses out of synapse
39
Q

T/F Most structures controlled by the autonomic nervous system are innervated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

A

True

40
Q

What organ regulates the activity of both para and symp nerves to achieve homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

41
Q

What structures are not dual innervated but only symp innervation? How is their activity determined?

A

a) sweat glands (ACh sympathetic)
b) erector pili muscles
c) most blood vessels
d) adrenal medulla
- Determined by temporal, and spatial summation of sympathetic nervous input

42
Q

Sympathetic system stimulates what type of structures?

A

stimulates structures involved in supporting vigorous physical activity and rapid production of energy and inhibits nonessential activities

43
Q

Fight or flight response results from what?

A

increased sympathetic activity and adrenal medulla secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

44
Q

Describe characteristics of fight or flight:

  1. On pupils
  2. On HR/BP
  3. Blood vessels to non essential organs
  4. Veins
  5. Blood vessels to essential organs
  6. Adipose lipolysis
  7. NE in synapse
A
  1. Pupils dilate
  2. Increase HR, BP, hear contraction force = blood circulation
  3. Constrict blood vessels to non essential organs
  4. Constrict veins to decrease reservoir vL and increase circulation
  5. Dilate blood vessels to essential organs
  6. Stimulate adipose lipolysis to increase fuel
  7. Slower inactivation of NE in synapse
45
Q

Body functions increased by the parasympathetic nerves include SLUDD activities:

A

a) salivation
b) lacrimation
c) urination
d) digestion
e) defication

46
Q

body functions decreased by the parasympathetic nerves include:

A

a) heart rate
b) airway diameter
c) pupil diameter

47
Q

T/F Parasympathetic can be activated during paradoxical fear which is a situation where you perceive that you can not win.

A

True

48
Q

Autonomic reflexes include what?

A
  1. blood pressure
  2. respiration
  3. digestion
  4. defecation
  5. urination
49
Q

Sensory receptor cell of autonomic reflex arc -

A

a neuron that detects change in an internal condition at its dendrite end and generates a nerve impulse

50
Q

Sensory neuron of autonomic reflex arc -
What type of neuron?
Where is soma?

A

conducts afferent impulse to CNS = for body

-is pseudounipolar neuron in dorsal root ganglia

51
Q

Integrating center of autonomic reflex arc -

Where is it found?

A
  • located in CNS
  • hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal cord
  • links viscerosensory signal to autonomic motor neuron
52
Q

Motor signal of autonomic reflex arc -

A

connect CNS to effector structure via preganglionic, and postganglionic neurons

53
Q

Effector of autonomic reflex arc -

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

54
Q

Why is there a lack of awareness/consciousness of autonomic functions?

A

they are not controlled by the cortex instead they are controlled primarily by the hypothalamus.

Neuroanatomy Exam 2 (7 decks)

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