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Neuroanatomy Exam 2 > Anatomy Forebrain > Flashcards

Anatomy Forebrain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the group of paired nuclei located in diencephalon that form the lateral walls of the 3rd ventricle?

A

Thalamus

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2
Q

The thalamus is subdivided by white matter into what groups?

A

Anterior, lateral, and medial groups

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3
Q

Thalamus functions to filter and process afferent input from what 3 things?

A
  1. Basal ganglia (VA, VL)
  2. Cerebellum (VL)
  3. All conscious sensory except olfaction
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4
Q 
What part of thalamus do these sense travel to?
Body somatosensory - 
Head somatosensory - 
Vision - 
Auditory - 
Taste - 
Balance -
A 
Body somatosensory - VPL
Head somatosensory - VPM
Vision - lateral geniculate
Auditory - medial geniculate
Taste - VPM
Balance - VPL?
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5
Q

Thalamus functions to send efferent output where?

A

Cerebral cortex

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6
Q

Thalamus is functionally divided into what 3 type of nuclei?

A
  1. Relay
  2. Association
  3. Nonspecific
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7
Q

Which nuclei connects the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and conscious sensory (except olfaction) to cerebral cortex?
What are the motor?
What are the sensory?

A

Relay thalamic nuclei

a) motor: VA, VL
b) sensory: VPM, VPL, medial geniculate, lateral geniculate

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8
Q

Which nuclei does sensory, memory and emotion (limbic function) integration?
Declarative memory -
Sensory integration -
Emotion -

A

Association nuclei

a) declarative memory: anterior nuc. lateral dorsal nuc. midline nuc.
b) sensory integration: lateral posterior, pulvimar
c) emotion: medial group

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9
Q

Which nuclei regulate consciousness, arousal, attention?

A

Nonspecific nuclei (modulate relay and associative nuclei)

  1. interlaminar nuc.
  2. reticular nuc.
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10
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary?

A

Infundibulum

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11
Q

hypothalamus nuclei:

preoptic nuclei -

A

circadian/endocrine/reproductive and temperature regulation

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12
Q

hypothalamus nuclei:

suprachiasmatic nucleus -

A

circadian rhythms

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13
Q

hypothalamus nuclei:

supraoptic nucleus

A

synthesize and release vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin

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14
Q

hypothalamus nuclei:

paraventricular nucleus

A

also synthesize and release vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin from posterior pituitary; ANS control center

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15
Q

hypothalamus nuclei:

arcuate nucleus

A

releasing factors to control anterior pituitary

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16
Q

hypothalamus nuclei:

ventromedial nucleus

A

releasing factors to control anterior pituitary, feeding/satiety, limbic rage behavior

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17
Q

hypothalamus nuclei:

dorsomedial nucleus -

A

also releasing factors to control anterior pituitary, feeding/satiety, limbic rage behavior

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18
Q

hypothalamus nuclei:

tuberal nuclei -

A

releasing factors to control anterior pituitary

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19
Q

hypothalamus nuclei:

mamillary bodies -

A

limbic

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20
Q

The visceral function of the hypothalamus is (conscious/unconscious)?

A

Unconscious (autonomic reflex)

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21
Q

Which nucleus is the reflex control center for viscerosensory afferent and autonomic motor efferent?

a) viscerosensory afferent for BP comes from where?
b) autonomic efferent for BP para and sympathetic travel through where?

A 
Paraventricular nucleus 
a) afferent = solitary nucleus
b) efferent = 
parasympathetic: dorsal motor nuc.
sympathetic (ventrolateral medulla)
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22
Q

Endocrine:

Posterior pituitary hormones ADH and oxytocin come from which nucleus?

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuc.

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23
Q

Endocrine:

Anterior pituitary hormone release is regulated by tropins from

A
  1. arcuate nuc.
  2. ventromedial nuc.
  3. dorsomedial nuc.
  4. tuberal nuc.
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24
Q

rhythmic endocrine control comes from which 2 nuclei?

A
  1. suprachiasmatic nuc.=circadian (time of year)

2. preoptic nuc.=diurnal (time of day – GH at night)

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25
Q

Thermoregulation of hypothalamus controlled by what nucleus?

A

preoptic nuc.

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26
Q

How does the heat loss center work in hypothalamus?

A

↑blood temp→hypothalamus thermosensory cells → cardiovascular & respiratory centers→vasodilation/perspiration & panting

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27
Q

How does heat conservation center work in hypothalamus?

A

↓blood temp→hypothalamus thermosensory cells → brainstem control centers →vasoconstriction, ↑CO, ↑metabolism, piloerection, shivering

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28
Q

Hypothalamus controls drinking through what nucleus?

A

paraventricular nucleus is thirst center

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29
Q

Hypothalamus controls eating through what 2 nuclei?

A
  1. dorsomedial

2. ventromedial nuc.

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30
Q

Feeing center of hypothalamus is governed by what aspects?

A

governed by olfaction, taste, and amygdala

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31
Q

satiety center=set point of hypothalamus is relative to what aspects?

A

relative to metabolic rate, previous caloric intake, current caloric intake

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32
Q

Sexual behavior is controlled by what nucleus of the hypothalamus?
What are female/male receptors?

A

Preoptic

a) ♀ hypothalamus has estrogen & progesterone receptors
b) ♂ hypothalamus has testosterone receptors

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33
Q

Behavioral emotion is controlled by what nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

aggression/fight or flight

  1. dorsomedial
  2. ventromedial
  3. mamillary bodies
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34
Q

Sleep behavior is controlled by what nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A

Suprachiasmic

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35
Q

Memory behavior is controlled by what nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A
  1. dorsomedial
  2. ventromedial
  3. mamillary bodies
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36
Q

The other diencephalon:
Subthalamus has what nucleus?
What is it’s role?

A

subthalamic nucleus is a relay for basal ganglion mediated motor modulation

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37
Q

The other diencephalon:

Epithalamus has what complex that acts as a relay linking the limbic system/hypothalamus to midbrain (mesencephalon)?

A

habenular complex

38
Q

The other diencephalon:

Epithalamus has the pineal gland which functions to do what? What hormones does it secrete?

A

a) day length (light) modulated hormone release
b) hormones include:
1. neurosecretions: NEpi, serotonin, and melatonin
2. hypothalamic releasing/inhibiting factors

39
Q

What is the overall function of the basal ganglia (nucleus)?

A

overall function is psychomotor modification

40
Q

The limbic system has structures in what part of the CNS?

A

Tel and diencephalon

41
Q

What is the overall function of the limbic system?

A

overall function is to modulate:
1. hypothalamus (behavior, endocrine, autonomic …)
2. periaquiductal gray (autonomic, emotion, pain modulation)
to affect:
1. emotional behavior (emotionally charged response)
2. motivation
3. short term memory

42
Q

The hippocampal formation of the limbic system includes what 3 parts?

A
  1. hippocampus
  2. dentate gyrus
  3. subicular cortex (parahypacampical gyrus)
43
Q

The septal area of the limbic system includes what 3 parts?

A
  1. lateral septal nuclei
  2. medial septal nuclei
  3. diagonal band of Broca
44
Q

T/F the amygdale, the prefrontal cortex, the cingulate gyrus, and substantia innominate are parts of the basal ganglia

A

False, they are all a part of the limbic system

45
Q

The insula does what?

A

limbic integration with pain, olfaction, taste

46
Q

What is the defining property of limbic structures?

A

they communicate with hypothalamus or periaquiductal gray to modulate the activity of these structures

47
Q

The 3 specific functions of the hippocampal formation are:

A
  1. modulation of aggression & rage
  2. autonomic & endocrine = visceral
  3. learning and memory
48
Q

What NT does the hippocampal formation use for long term memory?

A

via effects of glutamate on NMDA channels and gene transcription → increased synaptic strength→long term memory

49
Q

The 3 specific functions of the septal area are:

A
  1. modulation of aggression & rage
  2. autonomic visceral
  3. drinking (with paraventricular nuclei)
50
Q

The 4 specific functions of the amygdale are:

A
  1. aggression, rage
  2. feeding
  3. cardiovascular, endocrine visceral
  4. learning & memory
51
Q

The 4 specific functions of the prefrontal cortex are:

A
  1. emotional and intellectual processes
  2. suppresses aggression & rage
  3. affects feeding
  4. visceral functions: BP, respiration, gastric motility, thermoregulation
52
Q

The functions of the cingulate gyrus are similar to that of what?

A

function similar to prefrontal cortex

53
Q

The specific function of the substantia innominata is what?

A
  1. relay between amygdala and hypothalamus
54
Q

The substantia innominata contains the basal nucleus of Meynert which does what?

A

Basal nucleus of Meynert: a cholinergic efferent to cortex and other limbic structures

55
Q

Afferent input to the limbic system comes from what 4 areas?

A
  1. special senses: olfaction, taste, vision, auditory
  2. reticular formation
  3. hypothalamus feedback connections
  4. thalamus
56
Q

The special sense travel to the limbic system via what?

A

via entorhinal cortex

57
Q

The reticular formation signals travel to the limbic system via what?

A

monoamine neuronal projections

58
Q

T/F The Different parts of the limbic system are not connected

A

False, different parts of the limbic system are interconnected

59
Q

Efferent output from the limbic system travels to what 4 general areas?

A
  1. thalamus
  2. hypothalamus
  3. cerebral cortex
  4. periaquiductal gray
60
Q

When signals from the limbic system get to the hypothalamus, what 2 structures will they go to?

A
  1. mammillary bodies

2. medial hypothalamus

61
Q

What is the reticular system?

A
  • diffuse set of nuclei located in core of brainstem, from diencephalon to spinal cord
  • synaptic connections with ascending and descending tracts, and CN nuclei
62
Q

The reticular system will modulate what general type of activity?

A
  1. sensory
  2. motor
  3. autonomic activity
  4. behavioral
63
Q

The more specific activity the reticular system modulates are:

A
  1. sleep/wake (RAS – reticular activating system = alarm clock)
  2. consciousness
  3. emotion
  4. refine motor signals
  5. pain modulation
64
Q

The conscious discriminative pain sensation from body/head pathway ->

A

spinothalamic tract/trigeminothalamic → reticular formation → thalamus (VPL/VPM) → cortex postcentral gyrus → localized pain response

65
Q

The nondiscriminative pain sensation from body pathway ->

A

spinoreticular tract → reticular formation → thalamus (non discriminative) → hypothal/cortex → emotional non localized pain response

66
Q

The 5 special senses that input to reticular formation:

A

vision, auditory, equilibrium, olfaction, taste

67
Q

T/F Probably all conscious sensory input is modulated by the reticular system

A

True

68
Q

The sensory/motor pathway from the cortex through the reticular formation ->

A

sensory/motor cortex→reticular formation (PPN)→reticulospinal tracts→affect extensor motor neurons→affect posture

69
Q

The motor pathway from the cerebellum through the reticular formation ->

A

cortex→reticular→fastigial nuc. & vermal/paravermal

70
Q

The autonomic chemo and baro receptors pathway through the reticular formation ->

A

chemo- & baro-receptors→CN 9, 10→inf. Gang. CN9,10→solitary nuc→reticular formation →dorsal motor nuc/ventrolateral→ parasympathetic/sympathetic control blood pressure

71
Q

T/F the reticular afferent input includes input from the limbic and hypothalamus

A

True

72
Q

Efferent output of reticular system to nonspecific thalamic nuc. (reticular, intralaminar nuc.)→

A

a) cortex directly to modulate (excite or inhibit) sensory function/cortical excitability→state of consciousness
b) specific thalamic nuclei directly → cortex indirectly→state of consciousness

73
Q

Efferent output of reticular system to periaquiductal gray ->

A

-> raphe nuc→serotonin→spinal cord→inhibit spinothalamic tract pain transmission

74
Q

Efferent output of reticular system monamine and cholinergic nucleus:
raphe nuclei→

A

Serotonin

75
Q

Efferent output of reticular system monamine and cholinergic nucleus:
locus ceruleus→

A

NEpi

76
Q

Efferent output of reticular system monamine and cholinergic nucleus:
pedunculopontine nuc→

A

ACh

77
Q

Efferent output of reticular system monamine and cholinergic nucleus:
ventral tegmental nuc.→

A

dopamine

78
Q

Efferent output of reticular system to the spinal cord:

Medial and lateral reticulospinal tract -

A

entire SC stim axial m:

-facilitate posture, modulate muscle tone, and mediate spinal cord somatomotor reflex activity

79
Q

Efferent output of cerebellar cortex through the reticular system ->

A

cortex→reticular→fastigial nuc. &v ermal/paravermal→posture/balance

80
Q

Efferent output of horizontal gaze center through the reticular system:

A

CN 3 (med. Rectus) & CN 6 (lat. Rectus)→horizontal eye movements in response to changes in body/head position

81
Q

The autonomic medullary reticular formation of the ventrolateral medulla sympathetic pathway on BP ->

A

sympathetic→spinal cord lateral horn sympathetic → vasoconstrict/dilate→affect BP

82
Q

How does the reticular formation affect respiration ->

A

reticular formation→ spinal cord ventral horn phrenic nerve → diaphragm → respiration

83
Q

What is the RAS?

A

Sleep/Wake, Level Conscousness

84
Q

What will an ECG show us?

A

rhythmic brain electrical activity

85
Q

What are alpha rhythms?

A

Awake

86
Q

What are beta rhythms?

A

REM sleep = dreaming

87
Q

What will the reticular formation do to prevent us from acting out dreams?

A

inhibits muscle activity

88
Q

How does the reticular formation regulate our wakefulness/sleep?

A

reticular formation increases or decreases activity of thalamus and cortex to regulate wakefulness/sleep

89
Q

When the Pedunculopontine nuc secretes ACh and the raphe nucleus secretes serotonin, what state are we in?

A

Sleep

90
Q

When locus ceruleus secretes NEpi, what state are we in?

A

Awake

Neuroanatomy Exam 2 (7 decks)

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