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GI > PHYS: Salivary Secretion > Flashcards

PHYS: Salivary Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

What is the word for a mixture of proteins, water and electrolytes that is secreted by various glands?

A

saliva

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2
Q

What gland secretes a serous secretion of water, ions, and enzymes?

A

parotid glands

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3
Q

Which glands secrete a mixed serous and mucous secretion?

A

Submandibular and Sublingual glands

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4
Q

What secretes mucus for lubrication?

A

lips and tongue glands

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5
Q

What are the 3 major roles of saliva?

A

Digestion
Lubrication
Protection

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6
Q

What are the two enzymes present in saliva?

A

Salivary amylase

Lingual lipase

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7
Q

What is the role of salivary amylase?

A

responsible for 50-70% of starch digestion (but if absent, not a problem for body)

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8
Q

How long will salivary amylase digest food?

A

until it reaches the stomach (pH optimum of 7, so inactivated by gastric acid)

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9
Q

What is the role of lingual lipase?

A

digests TGs and fat

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10
Q

How long will lingual lipase digest food?

A

into the stomach (not inactivated by acid in stomach, because pH optimum is 4)

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11
Q

Why is solubilization important?

A

allows you to taste food

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12
Q

Why is lubrication important?

A

speech and bolus movement

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13
Q

In what ways does saliva serve a protective role?

A
  • Allows you to expel noxious material
  • Thermally dilutes things (decrease temperature of hot foods)
  • Alkaline to protect from damage and dental caries associated with vomit and acidic foods
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14
Q

What causes an increase in saliva in the mouth before vomiting?

A

vagal reflex

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15
Q

What saliva component chelates iron to decrease bacterial growth?

A

lactoferrin

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16
Q

What saliva component destroys bacteria?

A

lysozyme

binding protein for IgA also helps to kill bacteria

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17
Q

What cells make saliva?

A

acinar cells

18
Q

What are acinar cells?

A

grape-like cells that elaborate proteins, water and electrolytes when they are squeezed

19
Q

What “squeezes” acinar cells to cause secretion of saliva?

A

the myoepithelial cells that surround the acinar cells

20
Q

From the acinar cells, where is saliva secreted?

A

into the intercalated duct→ salivary (striated) duct→ mouth

21
Q

What disease is characterized by the destruction of salivary glands?

A

Sjogren’s syndrome

22
Q

True or false: saliva is always isotonic.

A

FALSE: always hypotonic (though less so at high rates of secretion)

23
Q

What are two other characteristics (other than hypotonicity) of saliva?

A

Alkaline

High K+

24
Q

What ions are secreted into the acinus?

A

Na+
Cl-
HCO3-

25
Q

Why is the saliva high in K+ and HCO3- and hypotonic?

A

as the saliva moves from the acinus to the duct opening, K+ and HCO3- are secreted into the lumen and Na+/Cl- are reabsorbed (while water is NOT)

26
Q

What does the saliva resemble with high flow rates? Why?

A

final saliva closely resembles plasma and initial saliva produced by acinar cells (less time for the ductal cells to modify the saliva).

27
Q

What is another feature of saliva during high flow rate?

A

HCO3- is high in this saliva because its secretion is selectively stimulated when saliva production is stimulated.

28
Q

What would you give a patient who has high flow rates of saliva?

A

give back bicarbonate and K+ (no matter what, K+ is always secreted at a 4-5X higher level than plasma

29
Q

What are characteristics of saliva at low flow rates?

A

saliva is most dissimilar to plasma (lower NaCl and higher K+)

30
Q

True or false: regulation of salivary secretion is totally under nervous control.

A

TRUE

31
Q

True or false: no hormones are involved in the regulation of salivary secretion.

A

TRUE

32
Q

True or false: hormones cannot modify salivary secretions.

A

FALSE- though hormones do NOT regulate salivary secretion, they can modify the secretions

33
Q

What is the major nervous effector of salivary secretion?

A

parasympathetic innervation

34
Q

What is the name of the parasympathetic response that increases salivation?

A

Cephalic response

35
Q

What are stimuli that initiate the cephalic response?

A

smell
taste
pressure
nausea

36
Q

What do the stimuli of the cephalic response do?

A

stimulate salivary nucleus of the medulla and activate CN IX and X

37
Q

What do CN IX (glossopharyngeal) and X (vagus) do in the cephalic response in response to stimulation?

A

release Ach molecules that act through M receptors to increase IP3 and Ca2+ in the salivary gland

38
Q

What does increasing levels of Ca2+ do in salivary glands?

A

increase saliva secretion

Increase blood flow

39
Q

How does increased Ca2+ increase blood flow?

A

Increases cellular metabolism→ increased kallikrein→ increased bradykinin from plasma proteins→ HUGE blood flow increases

40
Q

What inhibits the salivary nucleus of the medulla?

A

fatigue
sleep
fear
dehydraiton

41
Q

What are the sympathetic effectors (minor) involved in the regulation of salivary secretion?

A

T1-T3

42
Q

How do T1-T3 lead to increased salivary secretion?

A

T1-T3 act on superior cervical ganglion→ release of NE→ beta-adrenergic receptors to increase cAMP and cause saliva secretion

GI (21 decks)

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