MICRO: Specifics Flashcards
How does shigella invade?
proliferate in epithelial cells and move into LP where is is phagocytosed by macrophages and will apoptose them and lead to inflammation and damage. Spreads via F-actin polymerization (formins)
Treatment for shigella.
Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin
1 week incubation, 1 week illness.
Shigella
How does shiga toxin work?
B: binds toxin to cell
A: enters cytosol and removes adenine from large 28S ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein synthesis and cause death
How long is EHEC infection?
8 days
How do you treat EHEC?
DON’T! Antibiotics can lead to HUS
How does HUS work?
Shiga toxin is absorbed from GI mucosa into circulation where it alters endothelial cell funciton to activate platelets and cause aggregation. Hemolytic anemia occurs (shistocytes occur as RBCs pass through clotted off area) and renal failure (receptors for shiga on kidney epithelium) and thromboyctopenia (platelets aggregate)
How do you treat HUS?
dialysis
How does EIEC invade?
Invades colon and proliferates in epithelial cells, extending into adjacent intestinal cells
How long does EIEC last?
1 week
1-3 day incubation, 3-4 day illness.
Salmonella enteritidis
How does salmonella enteritidis infect?
type III secretion system, bacteria grows in endosomes and enters LP where it causes inflammatory response and kills macrophages (may disseminate if immunocompromised)
How do you treat salmonella enteritidis?
DON’T unless at risk for dissemination (then use flouroquinolones)
5-21 day incubation, 3 week-3 month illness
Salmonella enterica (serotype typhimurium)
How does typohoid fever infect?
Taken up in small intestine, invades, macrophage take up and go to lymph tissue which dumps into the RES system. Can enter blood (bacteremia), can proliferate in peyer’s patch (necrosis, perforation, secondary bacteremia), or can chronically carry in GI.
How do you diagnose typhoid fever?
blood cultures
How do you treat typhoid fever?
Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Azithromycin
Incubation 1 week, 3-7 day illness
Campylobacter jejuni
How does Guillian Barre occur?
molecular mimicry where antibody to C. jejuni cross reacts with peripheral and CNS gangliosides (ascending paralysis)
How do you treat campylobacter jejuni?
Usually don’t, only treat severe infections: ciprofloxacin or azithromycin
What are the 2 bugs that cause inflammatory diarrhea that are NOT GN anaerobic rods?
Clostridium Difficile (gram positive rods) Yersinia Enterocolitica (gram neg coccobacilli)
What is the overall effect of C. diff exotoxins?
glucosylation of small GTPases (ex. Rho) that are involved with cytoskeletal structure and signal transduction
What type of exotoxin is c. diff toxin A?
enterotoxin
What type of exotoxin is c. diff toxin B?
cytotoxin
What is the action of c. diff toxin A?
disrupts colon epithelial cell Adherence to bassement membrane and damages the villous tips (leading to fluid secretion)
What is the action of c. diff toxin B?
depolymerizes actin to decrease cytoskeletal integrity and cause apoptosis of enterocyte
What is the common pathway of c. diff toxins A and B?
increase monocytes and macrophages to increase IL-8, recruit PMNs, and disrupt epithelial tight junctions
How do you diagnose c. diff?
PCR or EIA for toxins (cell culture cytotoxicity assay, but can be negative)
How do you treat c. diff?
Metronodiazole (Flagyl) is first line.
PO Vancomycin for severe infeciton
Fidaxomycin (newer)
How does yersinia enterocolitica cause pain?
multiply in lymphoid tissue and causes LN and peyer patch hyperplasia (ileum, appendix, and right colon)
How do you treat yersinosis?
most cases do NOT warrant treatment
What is a common feature of (all but 1) of the bugs that causes non-inflammatory diarrhea?
gram negative anaerobic rods
What is the only bug that causes non-inflammatory diarrhea that is NOT a gram negative anaerobic rod?
Staph aureus
How does ETEC cause infection?
Produces 2 toxins that both increase Cl- and H2O secretion into the intestinal lumen