phys - repro

Question 1

Why is a rise in Ca2+ levels in the oocyte cytoplasm important during fertilisation?

Answer 1

initiates cortical reaction that hardens zona pellucida –> prevent polyspermy

Question 2

What drug could be used to inhibit premature labour?

a. Oxytocin antagonist
b. Prostaglandin
c. Glucocorticoid
d. Oestrogen agonist

Answer 2

a. oxytocin antagonist

c. cortisol stimulate release of oestrogen –> promote uterine contractions

hormones that initiate labour:
1. oestrogen
- coordinated contractions,
- breakdown collagen fibres of cervix –> cervix becomes soft and flexible

2. prostaglandins
   - potent stimulator of uterine smooth muscle contractions
   - act on cervix to increase compliance
3. oxytocin
   - potent uterine smooth muscle stimulant

Question 3

what hormone is released by follicle cells during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 3

oestrogen

Question 4

what is the main hormone secreted by corpus luteum?

Answer 4

progesterone

Question 5

what hormones do sertoli cells secrete?

Answer 5

Anti-mullerian hormone
Inhibin

Question 6

what cells secrete androgen binding protein?

Answer 6

Sertoli cells

Question 7

what is the function of androgen binding protein?

Answer 7

bind to testosterone in tubular lumen –> allow high concentration of testosterone in lumen –> promote sperm production

Question 8

During pregnancy, which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?

a. Human chorionic gonadotropin
b. Progesterone
c. Oestrogen
d. Anti-mullerian hormone

Answer 8

a. human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 9

negative feedback on sperm production is carried out through which hormone?

a. FSH
b. LH
c. inhibin A
d. inhibin B

Answer 9

d. inhibin B

Question 10

sperm motility is gained in which part of the testicles?

Answer 10

epididymis

Question 11

which part of the fallopian tubes does fertilisation usually occur?

Answer 11

ampulla of fallopian tube

Question 12

if no pregnancy occurs, when does corpus luteum degenerate?

Answer 12

after 10 days

3 months (with pregnancy)

Question 13

the thickening of endometrium is a result of which hormone?

Answer 13

oestrogen

Question 14

what are CD9 and izumo proteins for?

Answer 14

for sperm-egg fusion
CD9 (females)
izumo (males)

Question 15

which component of the blastocyst invades the endometrium to bury the blastocyst?

Answer 15

syncytiotrophoblast layer

Question 16

which component of the placenta is involved in the exchange of nutrients, waste and electrolytes between the foetus and mother?

Answer 16

chorionic villi

Question 17

which hormone inhibits uterine contractility?

Answer 17

progesterone

Question 18

which hormone stimulates growth of uterine muscles and supplies contractile force needed for delivery of foetus?

Answer 18

oestrogen

Question 19

which of the following is not a maternal adaptation to pregnancy?

a. increased TPR
b. increased GFR
c. decreased gut motility
d. increased ventilation

Answer 19

a. increased TPR

rather, there is decreased TPR to increase blood volume

Question 20

when does meiosis II of secondary oocyte take place?

Answer 20

when oocyte is fertilised with sperm

Question 21

how long does it take for oocyte to move from ovary to uterus?

Answer 21

~4 days

Question 22

how long does a mature sperm take to make?

Answer 22

~10 weeks

Question 23

how long does folliculogenesis take?

Answer 23

~6 months

Question 24

the first sign of puberty in girls is:

a. menarche
b. thelarche
c. gonadarche
d. pubarche

Answer 24

b. thelarche

Question 25

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions by: a) Reducing serum estrogen levels b) Increasing the concentration of prostaglandins c) Stimulating myoepithelial cells surrounding alveoli to contract d) increasing progesterone synthesis

Answer 25

b. increasing concentration of prostaglandins oxytocin, oestrogen and prostaglandins promote uterine contractions c. promote milk letdown (lactation)

Question 26

Which of the following combinations triggers labor? a) Reduced progesterone, reduced prostaglandins b) Reduced progesterone, increased prostaglandins c) Increased progesterone, reduced prostaglandins d) Increased progesterone, increased prostaglandins

Answer 26

b) Reduced progesterone, increased prostaglandins

Question 27

During the menstrual phase, the endometrium undergoes which of the following changes? a. Prostaglandins decrease causing arteriole vasoconstriction b. Spiral arterioles dilate, resulting in haemorrhage c. Increased progesterone receptor expression d. Glands and stroma enlarge and arteries elongate

Answer 27

b. Spiral arterioles dilate, resulting in haemorrhage a.prostaglandins increased during menstrual phase --> promote uterine contractions c. proliferative phase d. secretory phase

Question 28

what hormonal changes are there during pregnancy?

Answer 28

1. increased progesterone and oestrogen to promote uterine growth 2. increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to maintain viability of corpus luteum

Question 29

which hormone stimulates maternal appetite and increases fat deposition during pregnancy?

Answer 29

progesterone

Question 30

what is the function of human placental lactogen?

Answer 30

Stimulate maturation of breasts for lactation

Question 31

what is the function of human chorionic thyrotropin (hCT) during pregnancy?

Answer 31

Increases parathyroid hormone and activated vitamin D levels --> maintain Ca2+ balance throughout pregnancy (foetus have enough Ca2+ to mineralise bones)

Question 32

what hormones are involved in the initiation of labour?

Answer 32

1. oxytocin 2. prostaglandins 3. oestrogen

Question 33

what is the effect of high oestrogen and progesterone on milk production?

Answer 33

inhibit milk production

Question 34

what is the function of myoepithelial cells surrounding breast alveoli?

Answer 34

1. Contract to assist in milk ejection reflex (milk letdown) 2. Oxytocin bind to receptors on myoepithelial cells

Question 35

what hormones are involved in breast enlargement to prepare for lactation?

Answer 35

1. progesterone 2. oestrogen 3. human placental lactogen

Question 36

Time from onset of cycle irregularity through until 12 months after last menstrual period what is this?

Answer 36

perimenopause

Question 37

Permanent cessation of menstrual cycles following loss of ovarian follicular activity what is this?

Answer 37

menopause

Question 38

Cessation of ovarian function occurring before age of 40 years

Answer 38

premature ovarian insufficiency

Question 39

list some effects of menopause on the body

Answer 39

1. vasomotor symtpoms (hot flushes, night sweats) 2. weight gain 3. decreased sexual health 4. sleep disturbance 5. mood (anxiety, depression) 6. urogenital changes - decrease in production of vaginal lubricating fluid - loss of vaginal elasticity and thickness - mucosal thinning of bladder and urethra 7. increased bone loss 8. metabolic syndrome 9. CVS disease (increased visceral fat)

Question 40

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle, the human endometrium: A. allows implantation of an embryo in the absence of endometrial glands B. responds to estrogen but not progesterone C. sheds the functional layer but not the basal layer D. undergoes glandular enlargement, artery elongation and secretes glycogen E. undergoes proliferation of the stroma and endometrial glands

Answer 40

D. undergoes glandular enlargement, artery elongation and secretes glycogen

Question 41

Jill Black is a 12-year-old girl. She has grown 5 centimetres in the past 4 months. She first noticed breast development at the age of 10, and has recently noticed some hair growth over her groin and axillae. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding Jill? A. Her anterior pituitary is now actively secreting GnRH in a pulsatile manner. B. Her growth spurt is related to the presence of androstenedione in the circulation. C. Her hypothalamus recently began to continuously secrete GnRH. D. Her serum FSH levels are likely to be low. E. Her serum LH levels are likely to be low.

Answer 41

B. Her growth spurt is related to the presence of androstenedione in the circulation. (maturation of zona reticularis) a. hypothalamus secretes GnRH c. secrete from birth (low duir d. high FSH e. high LH

Question 42

what hormone is responsible for breast alveoli growth?

Answer 42

progesterone

Question 43

what hormone is responsible for milk duct growth and branching?

Answer 43

oestrogen