PHYS EXAM OF URINE Flashcards
Normal Urine Color
Light yellow
Yellow
Dark yellow
Amber
yellow color of the urine
NAMED BY
Urochrome - Thudichum
Product of endogeneous metabolism , and under normal conditions the body produces it at a constant rate.
Urochrome
2 additional pigments present in the urine in much smaller quantities and contribute little to the color of normal , fresh urine.
Uroerythrin and Urobilin
Pink pigment, is most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates,
Uroerythrin
Uroerythrin attaches to the __ , producing a pink color to the sediment.
urates
Oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent, imparts an orange –brown color to the urine that is not fresh.
Urobilin
Abnormal Urine Color
Dark Yellow
Red/Pink/Brown
Brown/Black
Blue/Green
May not always signify a normal concentrated urine but can be caused by the presence of abnormal pigment bilirubin.
Dark Yellow/Amber/Orange
it will be detected during the chemical examination; however, its presence is suspected if a yellow foam appears when the specimen is shaken.
bilirubin
A urine specimen that contains bilirubin may also contain
hepatitis virus
The photo-oxidation of large amounts of excreted _ to _ will also produce a yellow-orange urine, however, yellow foam does not appear when the specimen is shaken.
urobilinogen to urobilin
Photo-oxidation of bilirubin imparts a __ color to the urine.
yellow-green
Caused by the administration of phenazopyridine (___) or ___ compounds to persons with UTI
Yellow-Orange
Pyridium
azo-gantrisin
phenazopyridine will produce a yellow foam when shaken which could be mistaken for bilirubin.
phenazopyridine will produce a yellow foam when shaken which could be mistaken for bilirubin.
is the usual color that blood produces in urine, but the color may range from pink to brown depending on:
1
2
3
Red
the amount of blood
pH of the urine
Length of contact
Red Urine
1 Clear
2 Cloudy
- -Hemoglobinuria (Red Plasma)
- -Myoglobinuria (Clear Plasma)
—-Red Blood Cells Present (Hematuria)
also may appear red resulting from the oxidation of porphobilinogen to prophyrins.
They are often referred to as having the color of
porphyrins
port wine.
Nonpathologic causes of red urine
blackberies alkaline
beets acidic
Additional testing is recommended for urine specimens that turn brown or black on standing and have a ( - ) chemical test results for blood, in as much as they contain
melanin or homogentisic acid.
Oxidation product of the colorless pigment, melanogen, produced in excess when a _ is present.
Melanin
malignant melanoma
Metabolite of phenylalanine, imparts a black color to alkaline urine from persons with the in-born error of metabolism ___
Homogentisic acid
alkaptonuria
Medications producing brown/black urines include:
Levodopa
Methyldopa
Phenol derivatives
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
limited to bacterial infections, including UTI resulting in increased urinary indican.
Blue/Green
Normal Clarity
Precipitation of amorphous phosphates and carbonates may cause a
white cloudiness.
Pathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity
Red blood cells White blood cells Bacteria Yeasts Non squamous epithelial cells Abnormal crystals Lymph fluid Lipids
Nonpathologic Causes of Urine Turbidity
Squamous epithelial cells Mucus Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates Semen, spermatozoa Fecal contamination Radiologic contrast media Talcum powder Vaginal creams
Amorphous urates Radiologic contrast media --- Amorphous phosphates, carbonates -- Amorphous urates, uric acid crystals -- RBC Amorphous phosphates , carbonates -- WBC Bacteria Yeasts Spermatozoa -- Lipids Lymphatic fluid, chyle
Acidic Urine -- Alkaline Urine -- Soluble with heat -- Soluble in Dilute Acetic Acid -- Insoluble in Dilute Acetic Acid -- Soluble in Ether
Defined as density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature.
Specific gravity
Specific gravity
Provides valuable preliminary information and can be easily performed using :
urinometer(hydrometer)
Refractometer
Reagent strip
Automated instrument
Consist of weighted float attached to a scale that has been calibrated in terms of urine specific gravity.
Urinometer
Urinometer
The weighted float displaces a volume of liquid equal to its weight and has been designed to sink to a level of
1.000 in DH2O.
The additional mass provided by the dissolved substances in urine causes the _to displaced a volume or urine smaller than that of distilled water.
The level to which urinometer __represents the specimen’s mass or specific gravity.
float
sinks
Less accurate than the other methods currently available and is not recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards(NCCLS).
Requires large volume of specimen __
The urinometer reading may also need to be corrected for temperature.
The calibration temperature is printed on the instrument , and is usually about __
Urinometry
(10 to 15 mL)
20oC.
Determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen.
It measures refractive index
Refractometer
comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution.
Refractive index
Refractometer
Temperature is compensated between
Temperature is compensated between 15oC and 38oC.
Aside from distilled water, can you use other solution to calibrate your refractometer?
5% NaCl 1.022 + 0.001
or 9% sucrose 1.034 + 0.001
Based on the principle that the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution will change in proportion to the density of the solution.
Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry
The specific gravity of the plasma filtrate entering the glomerulus is .
1.010
Isosthernuric
Hyposthernuric
Hypersthernuric
normal random specimen
1.003 to 1.035
Aromatic
Foul, Ammonia-like
Fruity, Sweet
Maple Syrup
Mousy
Rancid
Sweet feet
Cabbage
Bleach
Normal
Bacterial decomposition, UTI
Ketones(DM,starvation,vomitting)
Maple Syrup Urine disease
Phenylketonuria
Tyrosinemia
Isovaleric acidemia
Methionine malabsorption
Contamination
