Intro to Urinalysis Flashcards
discovery in 1694 of albuminuria by boiling urine.
Frederik Dekkers
pisse prophets
charlatans
developed methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment.
Thomas Addis
introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination in 1827
Richard Bright
urinalysis began to disappear from routine examinations
1930s
Two unique characteristics of a urine specimen account for this continued popularity:
- Urine is a readily available and easily collected
specimen. - Urine contains information, which can be obtained by inexpensive laboratory tests, about many of the body’s major metabolic functions.
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (formerly NCCLS) defines urinalysis :
“the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective manner.”
Reasons for performing urinalysis identified by CLSI:
diagnosis of disease
screening asymptomatic populations for undetected disorders
monitoring the progress of disease
effectiveness of therapy
Urine Formation
95% water 5% solutes,
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES:
dietary intake physical activity, Body metabolism endocrine functions body position
metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids,
UREA
normal daily urine output is usually
1200 to 1500 mL
normal urine vol
600 to 2000 mL
decrease in urine output,
Oliguria
commonly seen
when the body enters a state of dehydration as a result of excessive water loss from vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration,
or severe burns
Oliguria
Oliguria
less than…
1 mL/kg/hr in infants
0.5 mL/kg/hr in children,
400 mL/day in adults
cessation of urine flow,
may result from any serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys
ANURIA
An increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine
NOCTURIA
an increase in daily urine volume
greater than…
POLYURIA
2.5 L/day
in adults
2.5–3 mL/kg/day in children
POLYURIA Associated with
diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus;
all of which suppress the secretion of antidiuretic hormone
diuretics, caffeine, or
alcohol,
DIABETES MELLITUS
defect either in the _ _ or _ or in the _______
pancreatic
production of insulin
function of insulin
kidneys do not reabsorb excess glucose,
DIABETES MELLITUS
high specific gravity because of the increased glucose content.
DIABETES MELLITUS
