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AUBF - PRELIM > Intro to Urinalysis > Flashcards

Intro to Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

discovery in 1694 of albuminuria by boiling urine.

A

Frederik Dekkers

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2
Q

pisse prophets

A

charlatans

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3
Q

developed methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment.

A

Thomas Addis

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4
Q

introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination in 1827

A

Richard Bright

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5
Q

urinalysis began to disappear from routine examinations

A

1930s

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6
Q

Two unique characteristics of a urine specimen account for this continued popularity:

A
  1. Urine is a readily available and easily collected
    specimen.
  2. Urine contains information, which can be obtained by inexpensive laboratory tests, about many of the body’s major metabolic functions.
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7
Q

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (formerly NCCLS) defines urinalysis :

A

“the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective manner.”

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8
Q

Reasons for performing urinalysis identified by CLSI:

A

diagnosis of disease
screening asymptomatic populations for undetected disorders
 monitoring the progress of disease
effectiveness of therapy

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9
Q

Urine Formation

A

95% water 5% solutes,

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10
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES:

A 
dietary intake
 physical activity,
Body metabolism
endocrine functions
 body position
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11
Q

metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids,

A

UREA

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12
Q

normal daily urine output is usually

A

1200 to 1500 mL

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13
Q

normal urine vol

A

600 to 2000 mL

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14
Q

decrease in urine output,

A

Oliguria

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15
Q

commonly seen
when the body enters a state of dehydration as a result of excessive water loss from vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration,
or severe burns

A

Oliguria

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16
Q

Oliguria

less than…

A

1 mL/kg/hr in infants
0.5 mL/kg/hr in children,
400 mL/day in adults

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17
Q

cessation of urine flow,

may result from any serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys

A

ANURIA

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18
Q

An increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine

A

NOCTURIA

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19
Q

an increase in daily urine volume

greater than…

A

POLYURIA

2.5 L/day
in adults

2.5–3 mL/kg/day in children

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20
Q

POLYURIA Associated with

A

diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus;

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21
Q

all of which suppress the secretion of antidiuretic hormone

A

diuretics, caffeine, or

alcohol,

22
Q

DIABETES MELLITUS

defect either in the _ _ or _ or in the _______

A

pancreatic
production of insulin

function of insulin

23
Q

kidneys do not reabsorb excess glucose,

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

24
Q

high specific gravity because of the increased glucose content.

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

25
Q

DIABETES INSIPIDUS decrease in the production

Or function of ____

A

antidiuretic hormone

26
Q

the water necessary for adequate body hydration is not reabsorbed from the plasma filtrate

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

27
Q

urine is truly dilute and has a low specific gravity.

A

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

28
Q

Increase SG

A

decrease insulin
increase glucose

DM

29
Q

Decrease SG

A

decrease ADH

DI

30
Q

12 URINE PRESERVATIVES

A
  • Refrigeration
    -Thymol
    -Boric acid
    -Formalin
    -TOLUENE
    -Sodium fluoride
    -Gray C&S tube
    -PHENOL
    -Commercial preservative
    tablets
    -Urine Collection
    -Kits6 (Becton
    Dickinson,
    Rutherford, NJ)
    -Yellow plain UA
    tube
    -Cherry red/yellow
    top tube
    -Saccomanno
    Fixative
31
Q

A: Does not interfere with
chemical tests

D: Raises specific gravity by
hydrometer
Precipitates amorphous
phosphates and urates

A

Refrigeration

32
Q

a: Preserves glucose and
sediments well

d: Interferes with acid precipitation
tests for protein

33
Q

a: Preserves protein and formed elements well
Does not interfere routine analyses other than pH

d: May precipitate crystals when used in large amounts

A

Boric acid

34
Q

a: Excellent sediment preservative

d: Acts as a reducing agent, interfering with chemical tests for glucose, blood, leukocyte
esterase, and copper reduction

35
Q

Does not interfere with
routine tests

Floats on surface of specimens
and clings to pipettes
and testing materials

36
Q

Prevents glycolysis
Is a good preservative for drug analyses

Inhibits reagent strip tests for
glucose, blood, and leukocytes

A

Sodium fluoride

37
Q

Sample stable at room temperature
(RT) for 48 hr;
preserves bacteria

A

Gray C&S tube

38
Q

Causes an odor change

39
Q

TYPE OF URINE SPECIMEN

Routine screening
Pregnancy tests
Orthostatic protein

A

First morning

40
Q

TYPE OF URINE SPECIMEN

Diabetic screening/monitoring

A

Fasting (second

morning)

41
Q

Diabetic monitoring

A

2-hour postprandial

42
Q

Optional with blood samples

in glucose tolerance test

A

Glucose tolerance test

43
Q

Quantitative chemical tests

A

24-h (or timed)

44
Q

Bacterial culture

A

Catheterized

45
Q

Routine screening

Bacterial culture

A

Midstream clean-catch

46
Q

Bladder urine for bacterial
culture
Cytology

A

Suprapubic aspiration

47
Q

process that provides this documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results

A

CHAIN OF CUSTODY (COC)

48
Q

Patient gives consent to testing

•Right to refuse testing

A

Informed Consent

49
Q

Knowledge and the use of acceptable procedures & patient care
•Continuing education for personnel

A

Standard of Care

50
Q
  • Health Insurance Potability & Accountability Act (HIPAA) 1996
  • Confidential information is not to be shared
A

Confidentiality

51
Q
  • Special safeguards are recommended

* Chain of custody

A

Specimens for Legal Cases

52
Q
  • Treat patient as they would want to be treated

* Incident report

A

Ethical considerations

AUBF - PRELIM (3 decks)

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