Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Women's Health > Phys and Pathophys - part 2 - Exam 1 > Flashcards

Phys and Pathophys - part 2 - Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

During pregnancy, PMI shifts ____ and heart size increases _____

A

PMI shifts laterally and heart size increases by 12%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is supine hypotensive syndrome due to?

A

compression of the inferior vena cava that causes hypotension, bradycardia and syncope when the pregnant pt lies supine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What cardiovascular changes will all INCREASE when pregnanct?

A

-stroke volume
-heart rate
-cardiac output
-blood flow distribution to the uterus, kidneys, breast and skin
- LE venous pressure increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What heart rate increase in normal for a preg pt?

A

~ 15 bpm more at term than nonpregnant rate

progressively increases as the preg progresses and can be increased more for multiple gestations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 2 cardiovascular changes DECREASE in preg?

A

-BP decreases slightly
-peripheral vascular resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does increased LE venous pressure result in?

A

edema and varicosities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why does peripheral vascular resistance decrease in preg?

A

due to enhanced vasodilators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where are systolic murmurs the most common in preg? Why? How common are they?

A

Murmurs or bruits at left sternal edge

internal thoracic (mammary) artery

up to 90%! very common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some EKG changes that may be seen in pregnancy?

A

May see left axis shift, ST depression, T-wave flattening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 2 respiratory anatomic changes seen in preg?

A

Capillary dilation

rib cage is increasingly displaced upward and thoracic circumference is increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the net effect of respiratory changes due to preg? Often can result in _______

A

less overall lung space, but less “dead space” and increased tidal volume

aka respiratory rate is constance but gas exchange efficiency is better

mild respiratory alkalosis due to more CO2 being expelled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What renal changes are seen with pregnancy?

A

Increased renal size
Dilated renal calyces and pelves
Dilated and tortuous ureters
Bladder - displaced upward,
flattened, decreased tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 3 renal functions increase with pregnancy?

A

plasma flow
GFR
Creatinine clearance resulting in LOWER serium CR and BUN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_____ activity increases when pregnancy and is very resistant to _____ effect

A

renin

pressor effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why would renin increase if not to cause vasopressor effects?

A

renin causes increased Na and water absorption which helps maintain the higher blood volume needed when pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are 2 noteworthy GI system effects due to preg?

A

increased salivation

decreased intestinal transit times in the 2nd and 3rd trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

______ is an extremely common GI complaint due to preg? What are the 3 reasons behind it?

A

Reflux/heartburn in 30-80% of gravidas

Greater production of gastrin
Decreased esophageal peristalsis
Hormone-mediated relaxation of LES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what 2 liver changes are seen during preg?

A

Mild decrease in protein, esp. albumin
Increased serum alkaline phosphatase: due to alk phos isoenzymes from placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What electrolyte is especially affected by albumin?

A

calcium, because it is protein bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

During preg the blood volume increases by ______. Describe the process that leads to this.

A

50%

increased estrogen → stimulates RAAS → increased aldosterone → Na+ reabsorption → water retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why do you think we see a physiologic anemia in pregnancy?

A

due to disproportional amount of increase of blood volume (50%) to increase in RBC (33%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why are preg pts more likely to clot? give 3 reasons

A

Increase in several clotting factors

Decrease in protein S, fibrinolytic activity

Platelet count decreases due to hemodilution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Does immune function increase or decrease with preg? Do AI diseases tend to get better or worse with preg?

A

slightly decrease

AI diseases tend to get better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What effect does preg have on the pituitary gland?

A

Enlarges by 135% during normal pregnancy

growth hormone is increased

prolactin is 10X greater than normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

does prolactin increase or decrease after delivery? When is prolactin levels the highest?

A

decrease after delivery even in breastfeeding women

highest during pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

hCG structurally similar to _____. ____ naturally drops during pregnancy. Can be mistaken for ______. Low ______ can mask ______ in preg

A

TSH

TSH

hyperthyroidism (need to check free T4 levels)

TSH, hypothyroidism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

PTH is ____ in first trimester and _____ in 2nd/3rd trimester

A

decreased in first and increased in 2nd/3rd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is calcium increased or decreased in pregnancy? Why?

A

calcium is decreased

Due to ↑ plasma volume, ↑ GFR, fetal transfer, lower albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Is vit D increased or decreased?

A

increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Are ACTH and free cortisol increased or decreased? Aldosterine? why?

A

increased

increased- RAAS activity, can help protect against natriuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a common eye complaint for preg pts? is IOP increased or decreased?

A

contacts due not fit as well but visual function is normal

IOP decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

during preg, cornea ______. What are Krukenberg spindles?

A

cornea thickens

brownish-red opacity on posterior cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the dark line on the abdomen called? What is melasma?

A

linea nigra

uneven darkening on the face that is exacerbated by sun exposure

also common in women who are on OCP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the technical term for stretch marks? what are they caused by?

A

Striae gravidarum

Thick, hyperemic skin caused by decreased collagen adhesiveness and increased ground substance formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Cutis marmorata?

A

mottled appearance of skin
secondary to vasomotor instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are Beau’s lines?

A

Nails - brittle; horizontal grooves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is this?

A

spider angioma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the average weight gain recommended for a preg pt?

A

25-35 lbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What change to carb metabolism is common in preg?

A

Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance

because your body wants to keep glucose in the blood to help maintain fetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What 4 electrolyte metabolism are decreased?

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium

little change in phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

_______ is decreased in preg and needs to be supplemented in a NORMAL preg. Is fetal RBC production impaired if it is NOT supplemented?

A

IRON

fetal RBC production is NOT impaired, only harms the mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What 4 specials “things” need to be supplemented in a preg pt’s diet?

A

iron, folic acid, calcium and zinc

these 3 especially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

how many additional calories are needed during a preg females diet? during lactation?

A

pregnancy: 300 calories

lactation: 500 calories

44
Q

What is the protein requirement for a preg female?

A

1 g/kg/day, plus 20 g/d in 2nd half of pregnancy

60-80 g/d in the average woman

45
Q

What is the calcium requirement for a preg female? At what level does the maternal skeleton demineralize?

A

1200 mg during pregnancy and lactation

< 600 mg/d - maternal skeleton demineralization

46
Q

How much iron is recommended per day for a preg pt?

A

60-120 mg/day

47
Q

________ reduces the risk of neural tube defects. _____is needed 1 month prior to conception and through the first 3 months of pregnancy

A

folic acid

0.4mg/day

48
Q

what is the recommended folic acid supplementation if the pt is insulin-dependent DM or taking valproic
acid or carbamazepine? _____ is recommendation if hx of neural tube defects

A

1mg/day

4mg/day

49
Q

__________ may help with N/V of pregnancy

A

B6 + doxylamine

50
Q

What is the recommended dietary intake for Vit C? How does it compare to a non-preg pt?

A

80-85mg/day

20% more than nonpregnant

51
Q

What macronutrient is crucial for embryonic development?

A

protein

52
Q

What are the 3 functions of the placenta? Is the placenta fetal or maternal in orgin?

A

Release hormones and enzymes to maternal bloodstream

Transport of all fetal nutrients and metabolic products

Exchange of O2 and CO2 for fetal circulation

placenta is fetal in origin

53
Q

How is arterial bleeding controlled in the placenta?

A

bleeding is controlled by uterine contraction

54
Q

What do placental secretions help with?

A

Help control intrauterine growth, maturation of vital organs, and childbirth

including hCG, placental proteins, steroids

55
Q

T/F: Very few drugs/substances will cross the placenta

A

FALSE!! most substances WILL CROSS the placenta

large molecular size or charge will have a HARDER time crossing: heparin, insulin

56
Q

If a drug is bound to albumin will it be less likely or more likely to cross the placenta?

A

MORE likely to cross the placenta

57
Q

______ from uterine spiral arteries drains freely into sinuses around placental villi. _______ helps control the amount of blood flow.

A

Maternal blood

The degree of uterine wall contraction

58
Q

What antibody is small enough to cross the placental barrier?

A

maternal IgG

59
Q

What is a zygote? Once it divides it forms a ball of cells known as the ______

A

a single sperm enters the egg cell

morula

60
Q

When does the morula enter the uterus?

A

3-5 days after fertilization

61
Q

What causes a blastocyst to form?

A

Gradual accumulation of fluid between cells of morula

62
Q

a blastocyst inner cell group becomes the _______. The outer cell group becomes ________

A

inner: embryo

outer: supportive tissues

63
Q

Day______: blastocyst implants and invades the endometrium and myometrium

**Day ______ : blastocyst is totally encased in endometrium

A

6-7

**10 aka fully buried in the uterus

64
Q

During weeks 1-4 of gestation, the outer cell group will form _______ and the inner cell group will form _____

A

Outer cell group - chorionic villi → becomes placenta

Inner cell group → becomes major cell lines that eventually give rise to distinct tissues

65
Q

What are the 3 layers of embryonic tissue? What give rise to each?

A

Endoderm - innermost layer: Epithelial lining of multiple systems

Mesoderm - middle layer: connective tissue

Ectoderm - outermost layer: pidermis, sweat glands, hair, nails, tooth enamel, “outer epithelium: lining of mouth, nostrils and anus, nervous system

66
Q

What 4 things begin developing at week 5?

A

brain, spinal cord, heart and GI tract

67
Q

What is important to remember about week 6-7 of gestation?

A

development of eyes, ears and some bones

limb bud and some cranial nerves

heart begins to beat

68
Q

What is important to note about week 8?

A

lungs begin to develop

69
Q

what is important to note about week 9?

A

all essential organs have begun to form

70
Q

What is important to note about week 10?

A

fetal heart tones are audible by doppler US

marks the END of embryonic period

71
Q

What is important to note about weeks 11-14?

A

RBC are produced in the liver

urine is produced and put into amniotic fluid

center of ossification in most fetal bones

72
Q

What is important to note about weeks 15-18?

A

fine hair called lanugo develops

sucking movement starts

meconium is produced in the intestinal tract

73
Q

What is important to note about weeks 19-21?

A

fetus is capable of hearing

mother may begin to feel “fluttering” fetal movement

74
Q

What is considered midpoint of pregnancy?

A

week 20

75
Q

What is important to note about week 23-25?

A

bone marrow begins to make blood cells

fingerprints and footprints form

fetus may respond to sounds

76
Q

**What week does the fetus have up to 90% of survivability? Why?

A

Week 26

alveoli form in the lungs

77
Q

What is important to note about week 26?

A

fetus has hand and startle reflex

alveoli form in lungs

78
Q

**What is super important to note about weeks 27-30?

A

**surfactant begins to be produced

79
Q

What is important to note about weeks 31-42?

A

fetus begins storing iron, calcium and phosphorus (weeks 31-34)

increase in body fat

80
Q

During what months of pregnancy is there the greatest risk of major fetal malformations?

A

first 2 months

specifically weeks 3-8

81
Q

_______ is one of the highest embryologic malformations in the entire body system. 20% are due from _______

A

Malformations of GU tract

Genetic/inheritance

82
Q

_______ is needed for a male GU tract. When does formation of GU structures begin?

A

Functional Y chromosome

Weeks 4-8

83
Q

What is the embryological reproductive development order?

A

genetic → gonadal → ductal → genital

84
Q

What does genetic reproductive embryologic development determine by?

A

determined at fertilization by sex chromosomes

85
Q

How does the gonadal part of embryologic development work?

A

genetic sex is expressed on developing gonadal tissue

Sex-determining region of Y chromosome encodes for testis-determining factor (TDF)

86
Q

What is the purpose of testis-determining factor (TDF)? Where is it found? When does it begin?

A

gonad differentiates into a testis with production of antimüllerian hormone and testosterone

Sex-determining region of Y chromosome

begins about week 8

87
Q

What are the 2 different names for “male” ducts?

A

Wolffian ducts

mesonephric ducts

88
Q

What are the 2 different names for female ducts?

A

Müllerian ducts

paramesonephric ducts

89
Q

What is the responsibility of antimullerian hormone?

A

suppresses “female” Müllerian (paramesonephric) ducts

until ductal differentiation, the embryo has both female and male ducts

90
Q

what is the role of testosterone in embryologic development?

A

persistence and differentiation of “male” Wolffian (mesonephric) ducts

91
Q

What is the difference between agenesis and agonadism?

A

agenesis - gonad did not form at all

agonadism - gonads formed initially and later degenerated

92
Q

What are streak gonads? What are the possibly caused by?

A

primordial gonadal formation, no differentiation due to lack of germ cells

May have release of antimüllerian hormone without any production of testosterone - suppresses both ducts

93
Q

What is the cloaca? At what point does the urorectal septum form?

A

precursor of urogenital structures

weeks 5-7

94
Q

What does the urorectal septum divide?

A

divides cloaca into the urogenital sinus and the anorectal canal

95
Q

What does the cloaca become in a male? female?

A

male: urinary bladder, urethra, and penis

female: urinary bladder, urethra and vagina

96
Q

What is vaginal atresia?

A

the lower portion of the vagina is only fibrous tissue

97
Q

as a male develops the Wolffian ducts become _______, _______ and _______

A

Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts

98
Q

In males, what is the vestigial remnant of the Wolffian ducts? mullerian duct?

A

Wolffian: appendix epididymis

Mullerian: appendix testis

99
Q

at the _____ week the testes descend through the inguinal canal. _____ week the testes is in the scrotum

A

28th week: descend through inguinal canal

32nd week: testes in scrotum

100
Q

In females, what happens to the Wolffian ducts?

A

mostly regress and becomes trigone of bladder

101
Q

in females, what happens to the mullerian ducts? Do they require ovaries to differentiate?

A

Midline fusion → uterus

Distal ducts → oviducts

do NOT require ovaries to differentiate, unlike in males that DO NEED testes (to provide testosterone) to differentiate

102
Q

What does a bifid/double clitoris indicate? what does a hypertrophic clitoris indicate?

A

failure of fusion of the embryonic clitoris

intersex disorder

103
Q

Quiz yourself over this slide deck before you take the test. View in presentation mode!!. DO IT!!!

A

https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1HCpaf8zHsf9ziAQlaOrPGC8LPGP27ybT7t_sG5TZ3wo/edit#slide=id.gee8a4675b_0_100

104
Q

In order to normally develop has a male what 3 things must be true

A
  1. Need functional XY chromosomes
  2. Need antimullerian hormone to “get rid” of mullerian ducts
  3. Need Testosterone to be present to encourage the growth of Wolffian ducts
105
Q
A

Women's Health (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions