Phys? Flashcards
If the alleles that are controlling a trait match they are what?
Homozygous
What tissue of the eye is transparent mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and folds back over the anterior surface of the eye?
Conjunctiva
Sometimes one allel masks another/ supresses the expression of its partner, the masking allele is called the?
Masking = Dominant
Masked = Recessive
What are the finger like projections that arise from a fetal membrane and conract the maternal blood stream?
Chorionic villi
What structures increase the receptive surface area and lie in the nasal epithelium?
Nasal conchae (also called nasal turbinates) Olfactory Cilia
What embryonic tissue becomes the epidermis, the brain and spinal cord?
Ectoderm
True or false, a single recessive gene is all that is required for the offsprint to demonstrate or show a trait?
FALSE
A single recessive gene is not sufficient for an offspring to demonstrate or show a recessive trait. For a recessive trait to be expressed, the offspring must inherit two copies of the recessive allele
1 Dominant one Will show
What is the function of albumin?
Fluid balance (Osmotic pressure), nutrient transport, maintaining blood pressure, and regulating blood pH (Blood buffer)
It is primarily produced by the liver.
What structures pass information to the cerebellum to aid in balance and body position?
Vestibular System:
The vestibular apparatus in the inner ear detects changes in head position and movement. Information from the semicircular canals (detecting rotational movement) and otolithic organs (detecting linear movement and gravity) is sent via the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) to the cerebellum to help coordinate balance.
Proprioceptive Pathways:
Proprioceptors in muscles, tendons, and joints send information about the position and movement of limbs to the cerebellum via spinal cord pathways. The main pathway involved is the spinocerebellar tract, which carries proprioceptive information from the body.
Corticospinal Tract:
The cortex sends motor information to the cerebellum to refine voluntary movements and aid in coordination, especially through the corticocerebellar pathways.
Reticular Formation:
The reticular formation in the brainstem, which is involved in regulating muscle tone and postural control, also sends feedback to the cerebellum.
What part of the ear is responsible for equilibrium and hearing?
inner ear
(2 structures)
Cochlea
&
Vestibular system with the Semicircular canal, and the Utricle and Saccule
True or False, The organ of smell is the olfactory epithelium, located at the roof of the nasal cavity?
True
The organ of smell is the olfactory epithelium, and it is located at the roof of the nasal cavity. The olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor cells that detect odor molecules in the air. These receptor cells send signals to the brain via the olfactory nerve (CN I), allowing us to perceive smells.
What are the muscles that are within the eyelid?
Orbicularis oculi, Müller’s muscle: Also known as the superior tarsal muscle, and Levator palpebrae superioris
what germinal tissue forms the gonads and kidneys?
Intermediate mesoderm
What are all the cranial nerves are responsible/ involved in the vestibular response?
CN III, CN IV, and CN VI.
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII)
Oculomotor Nerve (Cranial Nerve III)
Trochlear Nerve (Cranial Nerve IV)
Abducens Nerve (Cranial Nerve VI)
Does the Mother or father transmit mitochondrial DNA to the offspring?
Momma
Where is the lacrimal gland located?
Located within the orbit above the lateral end of the eye.
What does the Lacrimal gland produce?
Tears
What innervates the lacrimal gland?
Parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve (CN VII),
(Greater Petrosal), From the pterygopalatine ganglion,
Symp: Superior cervical ganglion
The _____ is the embryonic tissue that becomes the digestive lining.
Endoderm
What are the germ layers of the embryo?
Ectoderm (Skin, NS, Spine)
Endoderm (Lining of the digestive tract (stomach, intestines), respiratory system (lungs, trachea)
Mesoderm
(Muscles (skeletal, smooth, and cardiac),
Bones and cartilage,
Heart and blood vessels (vascular system),
Kidneys and reproductive organs,
Connective tissues (e.g., dermis of the skin).
how does pregnancy cause varicose veins?
The weight of the baby puts pressure on the veins in the pelvis, making it difficult for blood to leave the legs.
During pregnancy, the body needs more blood for the baby and placenta. This can stretch blood vessels and make it harder for blood to return to the heart.
Pregnancy hormones, like progesterone, can relax blood vessel walls and make it harder for valves to function.
As the uterus enlarges to accommodate the growing fetus, it can exert pressure on the inferior vena cava (the large vein that returns blood from the lower body to the heart). This pressure reduces blood flow and causes blood to pool in the veins of the legs, leading to swelling and varicose veins.
During coagulation blood is transferred from a liquid to a gel in multiple steps porocess that involves what substance?
During coagulation, the process of blood changing from a liquid to a gel, the plasma protein fibrinogen is converted into fibrin:
Fibrinogen: A soluble protein in plasma
Fibrin: An insoluble polymer that forms a mesh that traps blood cells
Intrinsic and extrensic coagulation INFO RESEARCH
CHECK
How many extrensic eye muscles are there? and What are they ?
Six extrinsic eye muscles
Superior Rectus, Inferior Rectus, Medial Rectus, Lateral Rectus, Superior Oblique, Inferior Oblique
The spleen is often referred to as the “red blood cell graveyard” because?
A key role in the destruction and removal of old or damaged red blood cells (RBCs).
The spleen filters the blood, removing old, damaged, or abnormal red blood cells from circulation. By macrophages in the spleen.
Breakdown of hemoglobin, are processed in the spleen, and the iron is recycled… for the production of new red blood cells in the bone marrow.
The spleen also removes debris and pathogens from the bloodstream, contributing to the immune response.
What germinal tissue forms the gonads, and kidneys?
Intermediate mesoderm connects the paraxial mesoderm with the lateral plate.
What are the steps of Hemostasis?
Vascular spasm: Blood vessels constrict to reduce blood loss
Platelet plug formation: Platelets stick to damaged tissue to form a temporary plug
Coagulation cascade: Coagulation factors in the blood amplify clotting to stabilize the plug
Fibrin plug formation: The platelet plug and fibrin form a solid clot
What are the transport functions of blood?
TEXT
Which muscle adapts the lens shape to focus an image?
Ciliary muscle
Which wbc is responsible for phagocytizing bacteria?
Neutrophils provide the first line of defense of the innate immune system by phagocytosing, killing, and digesting bacteria and fungi
lateral plate originates from the ??? and splits into two layers
Mesoderm
The form of the embryo that embeds itself in the uterine wall is called the ????
Blastocyst
The _____ forms as thickening of the ectoderm above the notochord.
Neural plate
The ____defines the left-right body symmetry and
is the site of the future
Notochord
Three mesodermal aggregates form on each side of the notochord
- Somite
- Intermediate mesoderm
- Lateral plate mesoderm
The neural folds fuse, forming the ______. It detaches from the surface ______ to lie between the surface ?
Neural tube.
surface ectoderm
to lie between the surface….ectoderm and the notochord.
The somites subdivide into three parts..
Dermatomes (Forms Dermis)
Myotomes (Skeletal muscle)
Sclerotomes (vertebra and ribs)
What forms the kidneys and gonads? (Mesodermal differentiation)
Intermediate Mesoderm
The lateral plate mesoderm forms?
- Limb bud
- Smooth muscle of gut
- Visceral serosa
- Parietal serosa
- Dermis (ventral)
The first major event in organogenesis is ???
Neurulation, the differentiation of ectoderm that produces the brain and spinal cord
The lateral plate Mesoderm differentiates into?
Splanchnic and Somatic
The Somatic Mesoderm from the lateral plate makes?
Parietal serosa, Dermis (ventral part of bod), Connective tissues (Bones, Ligs, joints)
The Splanchnic Mesoderm from the lateral plate makes?
Wall of digestive/ respiratory tracts
Visceral serosa
Heart
Blood vessle
The blood cell with the smallest population and a development time of 1-7 days is the..
Basophil
What are the functions of the Basophil
Basophils play a key role in allergic reactions and immune responses.
They release histamine, serotonin, and other mediators during inflammation.
Basophils also contribute to the defense against parasites and the regulation of certain immune processes.
Metabolic Changes During preg
suppresses and replaces the
mother’s growth hormone. It enhances nutrient availability
to the fetus by stimulating lipolysis and glucose production
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
CRH levels rise, the mother’s ACTH and cortisol (Prep for stress
Nausea, Heart burn, Sickness, Cant poop
Kidneys produce more urine during pregnancy
Respiratory changes
Cardiac- Mean blood pressure typically decreases during midpregnancy, but then rises to nor- mal levels during the third trimester. Cardiac output increases by 35–40% at various stages of pregnancy.
What happens to respiration during Pregnancy (Mom)
Tidal volume increases
Respiratory rate is relatively unchanged
Residual volume decreases.
The increase in tidal volume is due to (1) the increased production of CO2 and (2) enhancement of the sensitivity of the medullary respiratory center to CO2 caused by progesterone
____ensures that blood clots are broken down once they have fulfilled their role in stopping bleeding and the tissue has healed
Fibrinolysis
