Phylum Chordata and Fishes

Question 1

5 main characteristics of Phylum Chordata

Answer 1

notochord, nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches/slits, endostyle/thyroid glands. postanal tail

Question 2

notochord function

Answer 2

flexible rod of cartilage or bone that supports animal’s back

Question 3

nerve cord function

Answer 3

connection between brain and nerves

Question 4

pharyngeal pouches/slits function

Answer 4

in the throat area, generally disappear before birth

Question 5

endostyle/thyroid gland function

Answer 5

secretes hormones

Question 6

ectotherms

Answer 6

cold blooded: don’t produce much internal body heat, body temp changes with surroundings

Question 7

endotherms

Answer 7

warm blooded: produce internal body heat and maintain constant body temp, can live in a greater variety of environments

Question 8

ectotherm examples

Answer 8

fish, amphibians, reptiles

Question 9

endotherm examples

Answer 9

mammals, birds

Question 10

What advantages do endotherms have over ectotherms?

Answer 10

endotherms can live in more environments

Question 11

Five main groups of vertebrates

Answer 11

fish, mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians

Question 12

Number of fish species

Answer 12

28,000 species

Question 13

Percentage of fish

Answer 13

49%

Question 14

Number of mammal species

Answer 14

5,400 species

Question 15

Percentage of mammals

Answer 15

9%

Question 16

Number of reptile species

Answer 16

8,100 species

Question 17

Percentage of reptiles

Answer 17

14%

Question 18

Number of bird species

Answer 18

9,700 species

Question 19

Percentage of birds

Answer 19

17%

Question 20

Number of amphibian species

Answer 20

6,000 species

Question 21

Percentage of amphibians

Answer 21

10%

Question 22

jawless fish classes

Answer 22

Myxini and Petromyzontida

Question 23

Class Myxini example

Answer 23

hagfish

Question 24

Class Petromyzontida example

Answer 24

lamprey

Question 25

Class Myxini characteristics (5)

Answer 25

only live in salt water; skull, no true vertebral column, retain notochord; scavengers/predators; mostly blind with rudimentary eyespots and sensory tentacles; produce slime

Question 26

Class Petromyzontida characteristics (4)

Answer 26

migrate from salt to fresh to spawn; larvae filter feed for 3-7 years; become parasites as adults; suction cup mouth, lined with sharp teeth to feed on blood of prey

Question 27

3 classes of fish

Answer 27

Chondrichthyes, Sarcopterygii, Actinopterygii

Question 28

Class Chondrichthyes common name

Answer 28

cartilage fish

Question 29

Class Sarcopterygii common name

Answer 29

lobed fin fish

Question 30

Class Actinopterygii common name

Answer 30

ray finned fish

Question 31

number of species in Class Chondrichthyes

Answer 31

1,000 species

Question 32

number of species in Class Sarcopterygii

Answer 32

8 species

Question 33

number of species in Class Actinopterygii

Answer 33

27,000 species

Question 34

Class Sarcopterygii characteristics (3)C

Answer 34

lobed finned fish; can breathe with specialized swim bladders/"lungs"; typically found where seasonal droughts are common

Question 35

Class Actinopterygii characteristics (5)

Answer 35

ray finned fish; bony skeleton; have mobile fins and thin scales; operculum; swim bladder; external fertilization

Question 36

telotsts

Answer 36

ray finned fish

Question 37

Which is the larger group of bony fish

Answer 37

ray finned fish

Question 38

2 main groups of Chondrichthyes

Answer 38

sharks, skates and rays

Question 39

shark characteristics (5)

Answer 39

placoid scales/dermal denticles; ampullae of Lorenzini; continuously replace both; spiral wave in intestine; ventral side is lighter than dorsal side

Question 40

Skates and rays characteristics (4)

Answer 40

flattened bodies for life on the ocean floor (exception: manta rays live in open water); pectoral fins flap like wings to swim; bottom feeders, feeding on invertebrates; mouth and gills on ventral side, spinacles on top

Question 41

Oviparous reproduction

Answer 41

spawning, external fertilization

Question 42

spawning

Answer 42

eggs laid, fertilized by sperm

Question 43

Ovoviviparous reproduction

Answer 43

eggs nourished in female body, by yolk sac, hatch inside female body, live birth; internal fertilization

Question 44

Viviparous reproduction

Answer 44

young nourished directly by female's body (placenta), live birth; internal fertilization

Question 45

Which reproduction do 97% of all fish use?

Answer 45

oviparous

Question 46

Which reproduction do smaller sharks use?

Answer 46

ovoviviparous

Question 47

Which reproduction do larger sharks use

Answer 47

viviparous

Question 48

What is the lateral line?

Answer 48

runs the length of both sides of the fish, fluid filled canal

Question 49

Lateral line function

Answer 49

detects pressure changes and vibrations

Question 50

What is the operculum?

Answer 50

hard, bony plate that covers the gills

Question 51

operculum function

Answer 51

gill protection and moving water across the gills

Question 52

List the fins of fish

Answer 52

dorsal, caudal, anal, pectoral, pelvic

Question 53

dorsal fin function

Answer 53

aids in balance

Question 54

caudal fin function

Answer 54

propels fish

Question 55

anal fin function

Answer 55

aids in balance

Question 56

pectoral fin function

Answer 56

aids in steering

Question 57

pelvic fin function

Answer 57

aids in up and down movement

Question 58

List of the parts of the fish brain

Answer 58

olfactory tract, olfactory bulbs, cerebrum, optic lobes, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

Question 59

olfactory bulbs function

Answer 59

processes the sense of smell

Question 60

cerebrum function

Answer 60

processes sensory info and the instinct of exploring a new environment

Question 61

optic lobes function

Answer 61

processes the sense of sight

Question 62

cerebellum function

Answer 62

coordinates muscle activity

Question 63

medulla oblongata function

Answer 63

control internal organ functions

Question 64

what is the swim bladder

Answer 64

air filled sacs

Question 65

swim bladder function

Answer 65

regulates buoyancy

Question 66

Fish circulation process

Answer 66

sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus, blood to gills, blood becomes O2 rich at gills, blood delivers O2 to body, back to sinus venosus

Question 67

Open or closed circulation? Why?

Answer 67

closed, blood is always contained within vessels

Question 68

What does single loop circulation mean?

Answer 68

the blood passes through a single circuit

Question 69

what are myomeres?

Answer 69

powerful muscles

Question 70

myomeres function

Answer 70

propel caudal fin for swimming