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Mycology > Phylum Basidiomycota > Flashcards

Phylum Basidiomycota Flashcards

1
Q

Life strategies of most basidiomycota?

A

saprophytes
most are ECM
some plant parasites and pathogens (rusts and smuts)

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2
Q

T or F: some basidiomycetes are poisonous

A

true

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3
Q

T or F: basidiomycetes share some features (and a common ancestor) with ascomycetes

A

true

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4
Q

What features do basidiomycetes share with ascomycetes?

A

haploid nuclei in vegetative hyphae (aka monokaryotic)

chitin in hyphal cell walls

regularly septate hyphae with pore(s) in the septa

anastomosis of vegetative hyphae possible (non-meiotic recombination to produce genetic variability in asexual life phases)

dikaryotic life cycle phase

produce teleomorphs (sporophores)

produce anamorphs

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5
Q

What are the unique/identifying features of Basidiomycota?

A

the septa type and septal pores
extended dikaryotic phase
clamp connections
basidium and basidiospores

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6
Q

Describe the general structure of basidiomycete hyphae

A

regularly septate with septal pore(s) that may vary between species

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7
Q

Can you see basidiomycete hyphae septate pores with the naked eye?

A

no, only with an electron microscope

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8
Q

What are Holobasidiomycetes?

A

a class of Basidiomycota that consists of mushrooms and polypores

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9
Q

What are Phragmobasidiomycetes?

A

a class of Basidiomycota that consists of jelly fungi

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10
Q

Describe the septa pore structure of Holobasidiomycetes and Phragmobasidiomycetes

A

mushrooms and polypores, and jelly fungi, have septa with a DOLIPORE (central barrel-shaped structure) that is covered by a cap of membrane called a parenthesome

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11
Q

What is a dolipore?

A

the central, barrel- shaped septa pore found in Holobasidiomycetes and Phragmobasidiomycetes

it is covered by a parenthesome (membrane cover on both sides)

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12
Q

Describe the septal pore structure of Teliomycetes (Basidiomycetes, rust fungi)

A

a simple pore that is often blocked by a pulley-wheel occlusion

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13
Q

How do the septal pore structures of most Ascomycetes differ from yeast-like Ascomycetes and from Holobasidiomycetes, Phragmobasidiomycetes and Teliomycetes?

A

most Ascomycetes: central pore in septa open, but Woronin body is ready to cover if needed

yeast Asco: septa with many perforations from micropores

Holo + Phragmo: central-barrel shaped dolipore with membrane cap on either side

Telio: simple pore with a pulley wheel block

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14
Q

What are Teliomycetes?

A

a class of Basidiomycetes that include rust fungi

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15
Q

What does it mean that Basidiomycetes have an extended dikaryotic phase?

A

in comparison to Ascomycete teleomorphs that have a short-lived dikaryotic phase (in the ascogenous hyphae in the forming ascoma)

Basidiomycetes live and grow as a dikaryon for long time periods withOUT producing sexual structures - ie., dikaryon formation does not immediately cause sexual reproduction (formation of basidiospores)

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16
Q

T or F: both Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes can have dikaryotic anamorphs

A

false, only basidiomycetes

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17
Q

Explain how fairy rings are an example of an extended dikaryotic phase in Basidiomycetes

A

A fairy ring of dikaryotic basidiomycetes grow out radially from the central point where 2 compatible haploid nuclei mated

these can persist for years/decades and form ECM with host trees

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18
Q

Give an example of species that can produce fairy rings

A

Agaricus campestris, Marasmius oreades

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19
Q

Are the mushrooms growing above ground in a fairy ring the same or different genetic individuals?

A

the same, one genotype = clones

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20
Q

What are clamp connections? what is the function?

A

clamp connections are structures at the base of the basidium and each septum in dikaryotic hyphae

they function to pair different nuclei - ensures that different nuclei are in one individual (dikaryon)

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21
Q

What is the basidium?

A

the cell of Basidiomycetes where karyogamy and meiosis occur to produce haploid sexual spores (basidiospores)

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22
Q

What are basidiospores?

A

the haploid sexual spores formed by basidia via karyogamy and meiosis

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23
Q

What is the Ascomycete analogy to clamp connections in Basidiomycetes?

A

Crozier - located at the base of a forming ascus in the hymenium of an ascoma

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24
Q

What makes basidiomycete vegetative hyphae dikaryon?

A

the presence of clamp connections

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25
Q

Do all basidiomycetes have hyphae with clamps? give examples

A

no, boletes do not have clamps in their hyphae or haploid monokaryons

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26
Q

How many basidiospores does one basidium usually produce? From what structure of the basidium?

A

one basidium usually produces 4 haploid basidiospores at the tips of the sterigmata (prongs) projecting from the top of the basidium

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27
Q

What is a sterigma (s.)?

A

a prong that projects from the top of a basidium and holds a basidiospore

usually there’s 4 sterigmata (pl.), each with a basidiospore

spores shot actively from the sterigmata

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28
Q

T or F: all basidiomycetes have an active basidiospore releasing mechanism

A

False, some like hypogeous species or puff-balls use other mechanisms

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29
Q

How many haploid basidiospores does one basidium produce?

A

usually 4 haploid basidiospores, but some basidiomycetes produce only 2

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30
Q

What structures of mushroom species of Basidiomycota produce basidia?

A

the gill surface has a hymenium layer that produces basidia

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31
Q

How many spores do gilled basidiomycetes produce (a lot or few)?

A

A LOT - Agaricus campestris can produce 40 million spores/hour

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32
Q

Describe some benefits of Basidiomycota

A

nutrient recycling - they are often saprobes (wood decomposers) - decompose recalcitrant material like lignin

they can form ECM - restoration, reforestation

bioremediation

edible - wild and cultivated

therapeutic - Ganoderma lucidum, Trametes versicolor

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33
Q

WHat are 3 costs of basidiomycetes?

A

cause some significant tree and plant diseases

cause structural damage to wood frame buildings

human pathogens

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34
Q

Give an example of species that provide ecosystem services related to decomposing wood and lignin

A

Trametes versicolor, turkey tail white rot fungi decompose lignin

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35
Q

Give an example of species that can be used in bioremediation

A

Lentinula edodes, shiitake

these white-rot fungi can break down persistent human-made chemicals similar to lignocellulose (low specificity of enzymes)

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36
Q

Give an example of species that are cultivated

A

button (Agaricus bisporus)
shiitake (Lentinula edodes)
oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus)

37
Q

Give an example of species that provide health benefits/therapeutic value

A

Ganoderma lucidum - Reishi = produces > 300 bioactive compounds

Trametes versicolor - turkey tail

38
Q

Give an example of species that cause forest tree and plant disease

A

Heterobasidion annosum - Annosum root rot infects conifers like pine, spruce, juniper, larch hemlock - very important economically in North America

39
Q

Give an example of species that cause human disease

A

Cryptococcus gatti - brain infections

dimorphic species converts from mycelium to yeast-like inside host

40
Q

Give an example of species that cause brown rot in wood frame buildings

A

Serpula lacrymans causes dry rot inside buildings and can grow with even little moisture

41
Q

What are the 3 major clades in Basidiomycete?

A

Agaricomycotina (true mushrooms, yeasts, jellies)

Ustilaginomycotina (smuts)

Pucciniomycotina (rusts)

each group is monophyletic and supported by rRNA sequences

42
Q

How many % of the true fungi are included in Basidiomycota?

A

37%
large phylum of 30,000 described species

43
Q

Of the described species in Basidiomycota, what % are in Agaricomycotina?

A

of the 70% of Basidiomycetes that are in the Agaricomycotina clade, 98% are in the class Agaricomycetes

44
Q

Which is the biggest class of Agaricomycotina?

A

Agaricomycetes - produce mushrooms and other basidioma

45
Q

What is a basidioma (s.; basidiomata pl.)?

A

aka basidiocarp

the structure on which basidia grow to produce basidiospores

46
Q

Explain what it means to say that basidiomata in Agaricomycetes show a lot of diversity of forms

A

they can be as small as a few millimenters to the giant Rigidoporus ulmarius polypore (316kg)

or the Armillaria gallica with 15 hectare mycelial networks with a mass of 10,000 kg

47
Q

What are 2 main orders within the subclass Agaricomycetidae?

A

Agaricales and Boletales

48
Q

What type of mushrooms are included in the order Agaricales?

A

gilled mushrooms

a monophyletic group of 8500 species

49
Q

What does it mean that gilled mushrooms are ephemeral?

A

generally the fungus exists as an underground mycelium and has a short-lived mushroom (teleomorph) growth

50
Q

What lifestyles do gilled mushrooms (Agaricales) have?

A

saprophytes
pathogens
symbionts
animal trappers

51
Q

When do mushrooms grow?

A

late summer and fall

52
Q

Are mushrooms anamorphs or teleomorphs?

A

teleomorphs

53
Q

What are the major features of an Agaricales mushroom?

A

stipe to support the cap (pileus)
radially arranged gills
may have a volva at the base of stipe or warts on the cap = remnants of a veil
may have a ring or annulus on the stipe - protects developing gills
may have a cortina (fluffy ring around stipe)
may have both ring and volva
may have no volva or ring

54
Q

How do Boletale hymenia differ from Agaricales?

A

Boletales may have hymenium without gills but instead pores and have dense caps

55
Q

What are the 4 hymenium morphologies of gilled mushrooms?

A

gills
pores
ridges
teeth

56
Q

What are the 8 morphologies of caps for gilled mushrooms?

A

campanulate
conical
convex
depressed
flat
infundibuliform
umbilicate
no cap

57
Q

Give an example of a basidiomycete that produces 2 basidiospores per basidium

A

Agaricus bisporus (button mushrooms) have 2 spores per basidium and each spore is a dikaryon (n + n)

58
Q

What does sequestrate mean?

A

a species that does not actively release spores

59
Q

Which mushroom is often confused with Chanterelles?

A

Cotinarius rubellus - deadly webcap

an extremely toxic Agaricales that can cause kidney failure

major differences: chanterelles have ridged gills that run all the way to the stipe, C. rubellus have gills that do not touch the stipe and are a different more rusty colour

60
Q

Which mushroom genera is known as magic or hallucinogenic? what is an identifying feature?

A

Psilocybe sp.

ex. P. cyanescens - wavy caps

hallucinogenic ones have spore prints are blue when crushed

61
Q

Describe the splash cup spore dispersal and give an example

A

ex. Cyathus olla (bird’s nest)

peridioles (spore container) are contained in a little cup that when splashed by rain water are launched into nearby shrubs to allow germination or consumption by mammals

62
Q

What is the largest living organism?

A

the 880 hectare, 2400 year old Armillaria solidipes with a biomass of > 7500 tons in eastern Oregon

from Tricholomataceae family of order Argaricales

63
Q

Give an example of bioluminescent fungi - explain what allows them to be luminescent

A

‘Foxfire’ fungi are bioluminescent fungi that decompose wood (all white-rot)

ex. Armillaria mellea and ~80 other species of Agaricales

luciferase enzyme causes it

64
Q

What are some popular edible mushrooms from order Agaricales?

A

Tricholoma matsutake - pine mushroom

Pleurotus ostreatus - oyster

Pleurotus eryngii - king oyster

65
Q

Give an example of a puff ball in Agaricales

A

Lycoperdon curtisii - aka ‘wolf farts’

66
Q

Why is the puffball morphology called polyphyletic?

A

it has evolved repeatedly in different phyla

67
Q

What is distinct about the order Boletales from the Agaricales?

A

Agaricales are gilled mushrooms with stipes (except puffballs)

Whereas, Boletales have pores and tubes (a FEW gilled and puffballs)

68
Q

What is an example of a Boletales species?

A

Porcino mushrooms - Boletus edulis (edible)

69
Q

What lifestyles do family Boletaceae have?

A

ECM

70
Q

Describe the order Auriculariales from Agaricomycetidae subphyla

A

ear-shaped basidioma

they are jelly fungi

gelatinous basidiomata that produce septate basidia to produce spores

71
Q

Example of an Auriculariales species

A

Auricularia auricula-judae - jelly ear (edible)

produces 4 basidiospores per basidium

72
Q

Which Agaricomycetes are included in the order Russulales?

A

mushroom producing but an independent line of evolution from the Agaricales order (not directly related)

includes sequestrate, toothed, polypores, club and corticoid

73
Q

What are some ectomycorrhizal Russulales?

A

Russula sp.
Lactarius sp.

74
Q

What is an example of an edible Russulales?

A

Russula brevipes - Lobster mushroom which is white and then colonized by an ascomycete to become a bright orange

75
Q

What are Polyporales? describe them and their lifestyle and give an example

A

persistent fungi (polypores or bracket fungi) in Agaricomycetes

wood decomposers (often white rot) that cause butt and root rot in living trees - economically significant.

perennial - grow layers of pores each year

ex. Trametes versicolor

76
Q

Describe the order Cantharellales - lifestyles, morphology, etc. and give an example

A

basidiomata are diverse in form

saprophytes, some ECM (Chanterelles)

ex. Chanterelles (Cantharelleus cibarius), toothed, clavarioid and corticoid

77
Q

Give an example of a toothed mushroom

A

Hedgehog - Hydnum repandum from order Cantherellales of Agaricomycetes

edible, ECM

78
Q

Describe clavarioid fungi and give an example

A

club and coral fungi from the order Cantherellales

ex. Clavaria zollingeri

can be ECM, some lichenized

79
Q

Describe corticoid fungi and give an example

A

crust, patch, paint fungi

ex. Stereum hirsutum

smooth basidiomata

usually saprophytic

80
Q

Describe the subclass Phallomycetidae of Agaricomycetes

A

includes

earthstars - ex. Geastrum triplex

false truffles - ex. Hysterangium coriaceum

and stink horns - ex. Mutinus elegans (devil’s dipstick)

81
Q

Describe the class of Agaricomycotina: Dacrymycetes

A

Dacrymycetes have only one family of jelly fungi and are saprophytic, usually a tuning fork shaped basidium with 2 sterigmata (not 4)

ex. Calocera cornea

82
Q

Describe the class of Agaricomycotina: Tremellomycetes

A

gelatinous fruiting body

ex. Tremella mesenterica - witch’s butter

saprophytes some mycoparasites

4 sterigmata

83
Q

What is the importance of Ustilaginomycotina (smut) fungi?

A

they are common plant parasites in crops like corn, barley and wheat

ex. Ustilago maydis - corn smut

84
Q

T or F: smut fungi only parasitize angiosperms

A

true! they only need one host to fulfill their lifecycle too

85
Q

What type of fungi are included in the subphylum Pucciniomycotina?

A

rusts, yeasts, smut-like and jelly-like

86
Q

While Pucciniomycotina includes a LOT of diversity, what is one thing they all have in common?

A

they are all very small in size

87
Q

Which group of fungi are the most economically important from the Pucciniomycotina subphylum?

A

the rusts - Pucciniales because they are obligate parasites on a wide range of crop species (grains, legumes, trees)

88
Q

What is an example of a fungal species requiring more t han one host to complete its life cycle?

A

Pucciniales (rusts) often require 2 unrelated hosts

ex. Puccinia graminis infects barberry leaves with its basidiospores but then colonizes wheat with dikaryotic aeciospores

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