Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Mycology > Fungal Classification > Flashcards

Fungal Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Describe taxonomy

A

the categories used to group named and identified organisms that share similar characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are taxonomical categories arranged?

A

as a hierarchy with the ranks representing the degree of the relationship between the members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are taxonomical categories based on?

A

characters

which can be DNA sequences, amino acid sequences, morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the purpose of systematics? how is it informed?

A

systematics is informed from taxonomic studies of relationships between taxa

its purpose is to study the evolutionary history of a taxonomic group - ie., the diversity and evolutionary relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the taxonomic categories?

A

Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 2 clades of fungi?

A

Stramenopiles clade or Heterokonta (pseudo-fungi)
Opisthokonta (true fungi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What phylum is included in the stramenopiles/heterokonta clade?

A

Oomycota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What class is included in the stramenopiles/heterokonta clade?

A

Oomycetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What phylum is included in the opisthokonta clade?

A

Basidiomycota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What class is included in the opisthokonta clade?

A

Agaricomyetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the suffix for phyla of fungi?

A

-mycota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the suffix for classes of fungi?

A

-mycetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the suffix for orders of fungi?

A

-ales

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the suffix for family of fungi?

A

-aceae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is there a fixed suffix for genera or species of fungi?

A

no, these depend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the historical approach to fungal taxonomy - what is problematic about it?

A

the historical approach of phylogenetics was based on morphology

problems:
- convergent evolution may cause 2 unique organisms to be classified in the same taxa
- fungal fossil record is limited
- lack of useful traits in some taxa
- different life stages or growth stages can have different morphologies and lead to the same species being identified more than once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe phylogenetics

A

organization of organisms into a classification system based on the evolutionary history and relationships of the organisms - the relatedness

18
Q

Describe the current approach to fungal taxonomy - what is problematic about it?

A

currently, DNA sequencing for conserved genes is being used to determine phylogeny

challenges:
- selecting the most suitable gene locus to identify unique taxa may be challenging
- level of resolution may differ (inter-specific vs. intra-specific) and may be challenging to apply
- varying quality of reference sequence data in databases (ex. Genbank) for comparisons
- primary and secondary barcode loci in public databases may be limited/not available (esp for understudied or new species)

19
Q

WHat is the primary fungal barcode formally recognized?

A

ITS - an rDNA region

20
Q

What does the secondary barcode gene loci include?

A

ribosomal LSU
actin (ACT)
beta-tubulin (TUB2)
translation elongation factor 1 (TEF1)
etc

21
Q

How can DNA sequencing be used to resolve discrepancies in current classifications?

A

it can be combined with morphology to make better distinctions

22
Q

Why is defining a fungal species so difficult?

A

it is difficult to apply the biological species concept for a definition because many fungi cannot be cultured in a lab and sexual events cannot be observed

BSC: a species is a group of individuals (a population) that interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring and are reproductively isolated from other populations

the morphological definition is challenging because morphology does not equate biological species and morphology is subjective, as well as many fungi having different morphologies throughout their life cycle

23
Q

What is the best current practice for identifying fungal species?

A

combining molecular (DNA) and morphological data

24
Q

What are the 6 types of gill morphology that are often used as one morphological characteristic to help classify groups?

A

free
adnate
adnexed
sinuate
decurrent
emarginate

25
Q

Define anamorph

A

the asexual phase of a fungal life cycle

26
Q

Define teleomorph

A

the sexual phase of a fungal life cycle

27
Q

define holomorph

A

the complete life cycle of a fungus (including both anamorph and teleomorph phases if present)

28
Q

T or F: all fungal species have both an anamorph and teleomorph phase

A

false! some only have an anamorph phase and no sexual stage

29
Q

How does using morphology as a tool cause issues in fungal nomenclature?

A

because some fungi have different morphologies at different life stages (ex. anamorph vs. teleomorph), they have been defined as different species in literature

30
Q

Which class of fungi contains the most species that have been identified as 2 for their different life stages?

A

Ascomycete

31
Q

What is an example of convergent evolution of a fungal form?

A

puffballs - they have evolved repeatedly and separately in different phyla (ie., polyphyletic form)

ex. order Agaricales and order Hysterangiales (false truffles) have puffballs

32
Q

What does polyphyletic mean?

A

the character evolved separately in different phyla (ie., convergent evolution)

33
Q

Give an example of a fungus that was historically described many species, but turned out to be MANY species

A

apple scab has been given 59 different anamorph names described as unique morphological species

34
Q

Give an example of a fungus that was historically described as one species, but turned out to be many

A

Honey fungus - once considered a polymorphic species from morphology has since been found to be > 6 distinct species based on genetic analyses

35
Q

What are opisthokonts?

A

the group of eukaryotes that includes true fungi, animals and choanoflagellates (unicellular)

36
Q

What are stramenopiles (heterokonts)?

A

the group of eukaryotes that includes the false-fungi (Oomycetes), autotrophic unicellular algae (diatoms) and multicellular kelp

37
Q

How many accepted phyla are there for fungi according to current molecular phylogenetics?

A

7

38
Q

What are the 7 accepted phyla of fungi? What is the controversial 8th?

A

Microsporidia (single-celled animal parasites)

Chytridiomycota (zoosporic)
Blastocladiomycota (zoosporic, aquatic)

Neocallimastigomycota (anaerobic, in herbivores)

Glomeromycota (endomycorrhizal)

Ascomycota
Basidiomycota

controversial: Zygomycota

39
Q

Where are Oomycetes found?

A

terrestrial in damp soils or humid enviros
freshwater systems

40
Q

What are the major differences between Oomycota and true fungi?

A
  1. MOTILE SPORES
    Oomycota have motile spores (zoospores + 2 flagella); true fungi commonly do not have motile spores (some have 1 flagellum at 1 life stage)
  2. CELL WALL:
    Oomycota cell walls contain cellulose and glucans; true fungal cell walls contain chitin and glucans
  3. SEPTA:
    Oomycetes have no septa; true fungi often have septa
  4. LIFESTYLES (SYMBIONTS):
    Oomycetes have no known symbionts; true fungi often have symbiotic relationships
41
Q

What are major similarities between the Oomycetes and true fungi?

A
  1. Both have filamentous growth
  2. both are heterotrophic and digest/absorb nutrients externally
  3. both produce spores
  4. both can have lifestyles that include saprophytes, parasites, and pathogens (but true fungi can also be symbionts)
  5. both have glucans in their cell walls (but contain other different constituents like cellulose v. chitin)

Mycology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions