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Mycology > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Are fungi auto or heterotrophic?

A

heterotrophic

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2
Q

What organelle do fungi lack that make them incapable of being autotrophs?

A

chlorophyll

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3
Q

T or F: fungi have both a cell membrane and a cell wall

A

true

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4
Q

What are fungal cell walls mostly made of?

A

chitin

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5
Q

What are the multicellular filaments that define many fungal forms called?

A

hyphae

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6
Q

What is the defining feature of most fungi?

A

hyphae

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7
Q

What are growth forms other than hyphae (mycelium) that fungi can have?

A

single-celled/yeast-like

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8
Q

T or F: fungi are motile

A

false! except for some germ cells

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9
Q

How do fungi digest organic substrates from their environment?

A

they release enzymes

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10
Q

What are 6 major fungal lifestyles?

A

pathogens
saprobes
parasites
endophytes
epiphytes
symbionts

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11
Q

What are pathogens? Give fungal examples

A

An organism that infects a host and causes a disease in the host

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12
Q

Describe saprobes. Give fungal examples

A

a group of fungi that decompose organic matter (feed on decaying wood, leaves, leaf litter)

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13
Q

Describe parasites. Give fungal examples

A

a group of fungi that live on or in a host

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14
Q

What is the difference between a pathogen and parasite?

A

pathogens infect hosts and cause disease
parasites live on or in a host

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15
Q

What is an endophyte? Give fungal examples

A

a group of fungi that colonize in living plant tissues

endosymbionts

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16
Q

What are epiphytes? Give fungal examples

A

fungi that grow on the external surface of plants

ex. black mildews

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17
Q

What are symbionts? Give 2 fungal examples

A

an association between organisms of different species

ex.
mycorrhizal fungi and trees
lichen (multiple fungi + algae)

18
Q

T or F: fungi have pretty universal lifestyles amongst the different phyla

A

false, they have highly variable lifestyles (ex. saprobes, endophytes, epiphytes, etc)

19
Q

T or F: fungi are highly successful

A

true

20
Q

Where are fungi found (distribution)?

A

terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

21
Q

What are 3 characteristics of fungi that make them so successful?

A
  1. they can inhabit (are adapted to) both terrestrial and aquatic systems
  2. they can exploit a wide range of hosts and carbon substrates
  3. they reproduce and disperse by spores and can have very many
22
Q

How many accepted species of fungi are there currently?

A

~120,000
(~8%)

23
Q

What is the minimal estimate of fungal species?

A

~1.5 million

24
Q

T or F: defining fungal species is easy

A

false

25
Q

Are Oomycetes fungi?

A

NO, they are very similar but are in a totally different branch of life

26
Q

What are 2 examples of Oomycete plant pathogens with effects on plants that are relevant to humans?

A

Phytophthora ramorum causes sudden oak death

Plasmopora viticola causes downy mildew

27
Q

What are 2 examples of true fungal plant pathogens with effects on plants that are relevant to humans?

A

Puccinia graminis causes wheat rust
Ustilago maydis causes corn smut

28
Q

What is an example of an opportunistic human pathogen?

A

Candida albicans causes Thrush

29
Q

Describe Candida albicans and the disease (Thrush) it can cause

A

a dimorphic fungi that is an opportunistic pathogen (commensalism = benefit to fungus but no harm/benefit to host)

often there’s no negative effect in healthy humans, but if human has a weakened immune system = thrush

very common

can infect skin, fingernails, digestive tract, internal viscera, organs

treated with fungistatic drugs

30
Q

Describe Cryptococcosis neoformans var. gatti and the disease it can cause in humans/mammals

A

It is a fungal pathogen of humans/mammals that can cause a pulmonary (lung) infection

it is dimorphic

recently introduced to BC and PNW

31
Q

What does dimorphic mean?

A

a single species has 2 different morphologies

could be life stage related

32
Q

How are fungi related to human allergies?

A

fungal spores are a major allergen

10,000-20,000 spores per m^3 of air exist and can cause adverse effects

33
Q

What group of people are most exposed to fungal spore allergens?

A

agricultural workers

34
Q

What causes the musty odor smell?

A

volatile secondary metabolites that fungi can produce (including aldehydes and ketones)

35
Q

What are 2 examples of fungal allergens?

A

Alternaria alternata
Cladosporium sphaerosporum

36
Q

In what ways can fungi have an economic impact?

A

fungi that function as plant pathogens can reduce agricultural yields and degrade stored crops

saprobes degrade timber, textiles, leather, paint, glue, plastics, chemical, petroleum, optical glass (anything carbon-based)

37
Q

What 2 ways do fungi benefit ecosystems?

A
  1. essential to nutrient cycling in soils because they can degrade cellulose and lignin (no other organism can degrade lignin)
  2. mycorrhizal fungi promote plant growth and agricultural crop growth
38
Q

How are fungi important to the human food sector?

A

mushrooms as a food source,
yeast for fermentation products

39
Q

How does the industrial sector benefit from fungi?

A
  1. antibiotics (penicillin, cephalosporin)
  2. immunosuppressants (cyclosporin has been major for organ transplant success)
  3. used as model organisms for biotechnology and genetic research
  4. used in biopharmaceuticals
40
Q

What are considered fungi?

A

yeasts, microfungi, mushrooms, mycelia

41
Q
A
42
Q

What is the difference between hyphae and mycelium?

A

A hypha (s.) is the individual filament and a group of hyphae (pl.) make up a mycelium (s.) which is the filamentous growth form of fungi

Mycology (10 decks)

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