Phylogeny (Exam 1)

Question 1

Analogous Structure

Answer 1

Characteristics that is similar because of convergent evolution, not homology

Question 2

Analogy

Answer 2

Similarity of function/superficial resemblance that have different origins

Question 3

Animalia

Answer 3

Kingdom that constitutes all animals, the largest kingdom (Multicellular eukaryotes, no chlorophyll or cell wall, heterotrophs)

Question 4

Archaea

Answer 4

Group of micro-organisms that are similar to bacteria, have tRNAs, rRNAs, no peptidoglycan

Question 5

Bacteria

Answer 5

Small single celled organisms

Question 6

Basal Taxon

Answer 6

Specified group of organisms, evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of the group (Not outgroup)

Question 7

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 7

2 part, latinized format for naming species, consisting of the genus and specific epithet

Question 8

Branch Point

Answer 8

The representation on a phylogenetic tree of the divergence of 2+ taxa from a common ancestor

Question 9

Clade

Answer 9

A branch on a phylogenetic tree that’s monophyletic

Question 10

Cladistics

Answer 10

Approach to systematics where organisms are placed into groups called clades based on primarily common descent

Question 11

Class

Answer 11

Taxonomic rank for the scientific classification of organisms below phylum, above order

Question 12

Domain

Answer 12

A taxonomic level consisting of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

Question 13

Eukarya

Answer 13

Domain that contains eukaryotes or organisms with a true nucleus

Question 14

Eukaryote

Answer 14

Organism composed of cells that have membrane bound nucleus and several other membrane bound compartments

Question 15

Eukaryote-First Hypothesis

Answer 15

Theory that eukaryotes arose by fusing archaean cells and bacteria where archaea engulfed an aerobic bacteria cell

Question 16

Family

Answer 16

Taxonomic rank between order and genus

Question 17

Fungi

Answer 17

Type of eukaryotic organism that doesn’t have chlorophyll, non vascular, and has sexual and asexual reproduction

Question 18

Gene Transfer Agent

Answer 18

DNA containing virus particles that are produced by some bacteria and archaea (Mediate horizontal gene transfer)

Question 19

Genome Fusion

Answer 19

Gene made by joining parts of 2 different genes, part of chromosome A moves to chromosome B

Question 20

Genus

Answer 20

Taxonomic rank, group marked by similarities across the group

Question 21

Homologous Structure

Answer 21

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry

Question 22

Homology

Answer 22

Similar structures/anatomical position across groups, but not always function

Question 23

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Answer 23

The transfer of genes from 1 genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and fusion of different organisms

Question 24

Kingdom

Answer 24

Taxonomic rank composed of smaller groups, general taxon in classifying organisms

Question 25

Maximum Parsimony

Answer 25

Principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts

Question 26

Mitochondria-First Hypothesis

Answer 26

Proposes that mitochondria were first established in a prokaryotic host, got a nucleus to be the first eukaryotic cell

Question 27

Molecular Systematics

Answer 27

Technique using molecular evidence to identify phylogenetic relationships

Question 28

Monophyletic

Answer 28

A group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 29

Nucleus-First Hypothesis

Answer 29

Proposes that the nucleus evolved in prokaryotes first, followed by fusing this new eukaryote with bacteria, that then became mitochondria

Question 30

Order

Answer 30

Taxonomic rank by nomenclature codes

Question 31

Orthologous Genes

Answer 31

Homologous genes found in different taxa as a result of a speciation event

Question 32

Outgroup

Answer 32

Distantly related taxon that possesses the ancestral state for all characters

Question 33

Paraphyletic

Answer 33

A group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, not all, of its descendants

Question 34

Phylogenetic Tree

Answer 34

A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Question 35

Phylogeny

Answer 35

The evolutionary history of a species/group of related species

Question 36

Phylum

Answer 36

Taxonomic rank, many of these relationships are unclear/disrupted

Question 37

Plantae

Answer 37

Includes all plants, eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms that have a cell wall

Question 38

Polyphyletic

Answer 38

A group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but doesn't include the most recent common ancestor

Question 39

Polytomy

Answer 39

Term for an internal node of a cladogram that has more than 2 immediate descendants

Question 40

Prokaryote

Answer 40

Unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane bound organelle

Question 41

Rooted

Answer 41

A phylogenetic tree containing the branch point representing the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

Question 42

Shared Ancestral Character

Answer 42

A character, shared by members of a clade, that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of the clade

Question 43

Shared Derived Character

Answer 43

An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade

Question 44

Sister Taxa

Answer 44

Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other's closest relatives

Question 45

Species

Answer 45

Group of populations that interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 46

Systematics

Answer 46

Branch of biology that classifies organisms with nomenclature and taxonomy

Question 47

Taxon

Answer 47

Group of 1 or more populations of an organism

Question 48

Taxonomy

Answer 48

A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life