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BIOL 336 > Phylogeny 3 > Flashcards

Phylogeny 3 Flashcards

1
Q

how big is the tree of life

A
  • very big: almost any species has a vast and dense phylogenetic neighbourhood
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2
Q

how many species are currently described in the tree of life

A
  • about 2 million species
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3
Q

systematics (2)

A
  • field that reconstructs phylogenetic relationships
  • we have a good idea of the broad phylogenetic relationships of species we have discovered, but most species are still unknown
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4
Q

how well do we know the leaves of the Tree of Life (2)

A
  • not very well as most species on Earth are still undiscovered, and even the ones we have discovered have not been studied intensely
  • we should expect at least 20 million species on Earth, meaning we have only discovered 10% or fewer of the species on Earth
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5
Q

how well do we know the tree of life in general

A
  • reasonably well in broad structure, but the details are poorly known in most subgroups and most species remain to be discovered
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6
Q

arthropods

A
  • include insects, spiders, and crustaceans
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7
Q

echinoderms

A
  • include sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
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8
Q

nucleus and sex

A
  • characteristic of all eukaryotes
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9
Q

muscle cells

A
  • characteristic of all animals
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10
Q

head

A
  • characteristic of all animals, except for jellyfish & corals
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11
Q

skeleton with backbone

A
  • characteristic of all vertebrates
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12
Q

legs

A
  • characteristic of all tetrapods
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13
Q

eukaryotes (6)

A
  • animals, plants, fungi, algae, ciliates, and other protists
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14
Q

what is red algae close to

A
  • green algae
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15
Q

what is fungi close to

A
  • animals
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16
Q

what are ciliates close to

A
  • brown algae
17
Q

what is archaea the sister group to

A
  • eukaryotes
18
Q

what is bacteria the sister group to

A
  • all the rest of life
19
Q

how characteristics can we use to memorize plant phylogeny (3)

A
  • on land: mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
  • vascular system: ferns, conifers, flowering plants
  • seeds: conifers, flowering plants
20
Q

which animals lack a head

A
  • jellyfish and corals
21
Q

which clades are close and share spiral cleavage in animal phylogeny

A
  • molluscs (snails, squids, clams), arthropods, and nematodes
22
Q

what are echinoderms close to

A
  • vertebrates
23
Q

within vertebrates, which clades are not included within tetrapods (3)

A
  • fish (have fins and not legs): sharks, rayfinned fishes, and lungfish
24
Q

what are frogs and salamanders the sister group to

A
  • amniotes
25
Q

what are mammals the sister group to

A
  • lizards & snakes, birds, and turtles
26
Q

why are model organisms used to understand humans

A
  • they are an attempt to reconstruct the traits of our ancestors
27
Q

what is the time scale of evolution

A
  • millions of years; depicted by the “geological time scale”
28
Q

what are the major stages of the “geological time scale” (4)

A
  1. precambrian (4600 - 540)
  2. paleozoic (540 - 252)
  3. mesozoic (252 - 66)
  4. cenozoic (66 - 0)
29
Q

precambrian era

A
  • mostly single-celled organisms and not much on land
30
Q

what were the main events of the precambrian era (4)

A
  1. origin of earth (4.6 mya)
  2. origin of life (4 bya)
  3. oxygenation catastrophe (2.4 bya)
  4. origin of multi-cellular animals (0.7 - 1 bya)
31
Q

the oxygenations catastrophe (3)

A
  • life’s first major environmental disaster
  • the anaerobic world flipped to primarily aerobic because of photosynthesis producing oxygen
  • 2.4 bya
32
Q

what was the major event of the late precambrian era

A
  • multicellular animals appearing
33
Q

what were the major events of the paleozoic era (2)

A
  • cambrian explosion

- plants & animals on land; first tetrapods

34
Q

cambrian explosion

A
  • early paleozoic era

- marine animal fossils suddenly became abundant: arthropods, chordates, molluscs all present

35
Q

what is characteristic of the mid-late paleozoic era

A
  • abundant life on land due to the appearance of tetrapods 395 mya
36
Q

what is the main event of the mesozoic era

A
  • origin of dinosaurs and mammals
37
Q

what is the main event of the cenozoic era

A
  • the origin of hominids where primates evolved
38
Q

how deep is the tree of life

A
  • 3-4 billion years deep, but diversification of familiar multicellular organisms happened mostly in the last 600 millions years
39
Q

how do we treat fossils when studying phylogeny

A
  • we link fossils through strata to explain morphological changes most simply; we end up treating fossils like living species

BIOL 336 (13 decks)

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