Phylogeny

Question 1

The origin and diversification of any taxon, or the
evolutionary history of its origin and diversification

Answer 1

Phylogeny

Question 2

A tree diagram showing the hypothesized evolutionary history between different organisms

Answer 2

Phylogenetic tree

Question 3

Which letter indicates the most recent
common ancestor of all tetrapods?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

How are these relationships (Phylogenies) determined?

Answer 4

Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and
molecular characteristics

Question 5

Character similarity resulting from common ancestry

Answer 5

Homology

Question 6

Non-homologous due to convergent evolution (i.e. not
inherited from a common ancestor)

Answer 6

Analogy

Question 7

Bird and bat wings are an example of what?

Answer 7

Analogy
They both permit flight, but evolved separately

Question 8

Bird and bat forelimbs
are an example of what?

Answer 8

Homology
Originate from a common ancestor

Question 9

An approach or methodology for classifying organisms
based on common evolutionary descent

Answer 9

Cladistics

Question 10

What is the goal of cladistics?

Answer 10

To infer the evolutionary tree (phylogeny) that relates
all extant and extinct species

Question 11

How is Cladistics Accomplished?

Answer 11

Accomplishe by comparing characters
* Characters can be morphological, chromosomal or molecular
* Sometimes behavioural and ecological features are also used

Question 12

What is used to create a Cladogram?

Answer 12

Analysis of ancestral and derived characters

Question 13

A diagram used in cladistics to show evolutionary
relationships between organisms

Answer 13

Cladogram

Question 14

A unit of evolutionary common descent that includes ancestral
lineage and all descendants

Answer 14

Clade

Question 15

Organismal feature that varies between species

Answer 15

Character

Question 16

Character state present in the common ancestor

Answer 16

Ancestral Character

Question 17

All other variant forms of the character that aroselater within the group

Answer 17

Derived Character

Question 18

What are three types of Clades?

Answer 18

Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, Polyphyletic

Question 19

Includes the most
recent common ancestor and all descendants
of that ancestor

Answer 19

Monophyletic

Question 20

Includes the most recent common ancestor and some but not all descendants of that ancestor

Answer 20

Paraphyletic

Question 21

Does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of a group. i.e. the group has at least two separate evolutionary origins

Answer 21

Polyphyletic

Question 22

What Clade does this image represent?

Answer 22

Monophyletic

Question 23

What Clade does this image represent?

Answer 23

Paraphyletic

Question 24

What Clade does this image represent?

Answer 24

Polyphyletic

Question 25

Unicellular eukaryotes (Protits) are a _______ Grouping

Answer 25

Paraphyletic

Question 26

What are Protista?

Answer 26

A grouping of unicellular eukaryotes

Question 27

Protista Include…

Answer 27

Protozoa (first animals): animal-like unicellular eukaryotes

Protophyta (fist plants): plant-like unicellular eukaryotes (mostly
algae)

Fungus-like slime molds

Question 28

True or False
Protists are a monophyletic grouping

Answer 28

False
Once considered to be a phylum
BUT
No longer recognized as a valid clade (i.e. not
monophyletic)

Question 29

A node on a phylogeny where more than two lineages descend from a single common ancestor

Answer 29

Polytomy

Question 30

What does Polytomy often indicate?

Answer 30

We don’t know the relationships between the descendent lineages

Descendent lineages speciated simultaneously