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Organisms 2 (AEBI 211) > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

Module 1 (Lecture 2)

1
Q

When did Earth form?

A

Approximately 4.6 billion years ago

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2
Q

What di early Earth Lack?

A

It lacked atmosphere, soil and oceans

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3
Q

Which Hypothesis explains the beginning of life on earth?

A

Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis

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4
Q

Who came up with the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis? and when?

A

Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane
(1920s)

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5
Q

The Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis is also known as the…

A

“Primordial soup theory”

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6
Q

What does the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis entail?

A

Compounds characteristic of life formed slowly over time from simple molecules present in the prebiotic environment

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7
Q

What is the “Equation” for the Primordial Soup Theory?

A

Simple Compounds
+
An energy source
=
More complex organic molecules

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8
Q

What were the Simple Compounds of the Promordial Soup Theory?

A

Water vapor, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen gas, Methane, Ammonia, Limited free oxygen

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9
Q

What crucial simple compound was limitied in the early earth?

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

What were the possible energy sources of the Promordial Soup Theory?

A

Lightening, UV light, Energy from volcanoes

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11
Q

Was the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis ever tested or even testable?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What experiment prooved the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis?

A

The Miller-Urey Experiment (1953)

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13
Q

What experiment does this image represent?

A

The Miller-Urey Experiment (1953)

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14
Q

Who conducted the Miller-Urey Experiment and when?

A

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey (1953)

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15
Q

What was the procedure for the Miller-Urey Experiment?

A

Circulated a mixture of; water, hydrogen, methane and
ammonia with an Energy source; electrical spark

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16
Q

What was the result of the Miller-Urey Experiment?

A

In a week, 15% of the
carbon in the mixture was converted to ‘organic’ compounds such as: amino acids, urea, fatty acids

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17
Q

What was the next stage after the formation of organic compounds?

A

Formation of polymers
e.g. proteins, nucleic acids

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18
Q

Where did Polymers probably form? And why?

A

Within semipermeable amphiphilic membranes
Semipermeable membranes provide protection in aqueous solution where polymers would tend to be hydrolysed

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19
Q

Amphiphilic

A

one part soluble in water (polar), another part insoluble in water (non-polar)

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20
Q

Place The following in order:
1. Packaging of macromolecules into membranes to form protocells
2. Simple inorganic molecules formed and began to accumulate in the early oceans
3. Origin of self-replicating molecules and true cells
4. Formation of macromolecules (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids)
5.Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules

A

2, 5, 4, 1, 3

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21
Q

Could life on earth start again? And Why?

A

Probably not

Early atmosphere was strongly reducing (lacked oxygen gas).
These conditions were conducive to prebiotic synthesis of life.
Present atmosphere is strongly oxidizing.
Molecules necessary for life can’t be synthesized outside of cells (unstable in the presence of oxygen).

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22
Q

What is this type of evolution?

Formation of complex organic molecules from simpler inorganic
molecules through chemical reactions (abiotic). First step in the development of life on this planet.

A

Chemical Evolution

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23
Q

What is this type of evolution?

The process by which changes in the genetic composition of populations of organisms occur in response to environmental changes. Descent with modification

A

Organic Evolution

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24
Q

Why is it essential to view Biology in an evolutionary perspective?

A

Without evolution Biology is meaningless/ missing the big picture.

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25
Q

Who conceived of the idea of natural selection?

A

Darwin and Wallace

26
Q

What are three foundations of evolutionary theory?

A

Geology: History of life on earth is long and changing
Economics: population pressures
Embryology: similarities among organisms

27
Q

What was accepted first: Evolution or Natural Selection?

A

Evolution

28
Q

If evolution is a theory, what was natural selection?

A

A mechanism

29
Q

Name other Contributors to Darwin and Wallace’s Theory of Evolution?

A

John Edmonstone – likely taught Darwin taxidermy

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – early proponent of
evolutionary theory

Mary Anning - Palaeontologist

30
Q

Which are the five Theories which summarize Darwin’s views? (Which are accepted and which are unresolved?)

A

Accepted:
1. Perpetual Change
2. Common Descent
3. Multiplication of Species
Some aspects unresolved:
4. Gradualism
5. Natural Selection

31
Q

What Darwin Theory is the following:
Living world is always changing

A

Perpetual Change

32
Q

What Darwin Theory is the following:
All organisms are descended
from a common ancestor (Last Universal Common
Ancestor (LUCA))

A

Common Descent

33
Q

What Darwin Theory is the following:
Evolution produces new species by
splitting and transforming older ones

A

Multiplication Of Species

34
Q

What Darwin Theory is the following:
Small changes accumulate steadily over timeand sudden changes are more likely to have negative side-effects.

A

Gradualism

35
Q

What Darwin Theory is the following:
The process whereby organisms better
adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce
more offspring.

A

Natural Selection

36
Q

What is key Evidence for Perpetual Change?

A

Fossil records

37
Q

What is the Evidence for Common Descent?

A

Organismal form,
cellular structure, and
genetics

38
Q

What are Shared characteristics of living things which prove the theory of Common Descent?

A
  1. Chemical uniqueness
  2. Complexity and hierarchical organization
  3. Reproduction
  4. Possession of genetic program
  5. Metabolism
  6. Development
  7. Environmental interaction
  8. Movement
  9. Homology
39
Q

Is the Genetic Code Universal?

A

No…but nearly
(Mostly Yes)

40
Q

Similarity of parts or organs of different organisms caused by evolutionary derivation from a corresponding part or
organ in a common ancestor.

A

Homology

41
Q

True or False:
Homologous features are transmitted to all descendant lineages
(unless they are subsequently lost)

A

True

42
Q

What is an Example of Homology?

A

Forelimbs of five vertebrates show skeletal homologies.

43
Q

How do new Species Form?

A

New species form through the
appearance of reproductive barriers
* Biological factors that prevent interbreeding
(i.e. morphological, physiological,
ecological, and behavioral factors)
* Often arise because of geographical
barriers

44
Q

True or False:
Ther must be geographical barriers for a new species to form.

A

False:

New species may arise without gepgraphical barriers.

45
Q

Small changes accumulate steadily over time

A

Gradualism

46
Q

Two theories of Pattern in macroevolution

A

Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium

47
Q

Who came up with Gradualism?

A

Darwin

48
Q

Who came up with Punctuated Equilibrium ?

A

Niles Eldridge, Stephen Jay Gould
(1977)

49
Q

Long periods of stasis (equilibrium), punctuated by brief events of
speciation

A

Punctuated Equilibrium

50
Q

How long does Speciation last (on average)?

A

Speciation lasts on average 10,000- 100,000 years

51
Q

How long do Species survive (on average)?

A

Species survive for 5-10 million years on average

52
Q

Why was Punctuated Equilibrium proposed?

A

Proposed in response to lack of evidence for Gradualism
*Animal breeding also suggests that changes can be substantial and
sudden (not gradual)

53
Q

What causes this? Some lineages don’t change much, even over millions of
years (‘Living Fossils’)

A

Stasis

54
Q

What type of extinction can occur simultaneously across many lineages ?

A

Mass Extinction

55
Q

What are the two possible evolutionary fates for every species?

A

Give rise to new species
OR
Become extinct.

56
Q

True or False
Over 99% of the species that have ever lived on Earth are extinct.

A

True

57
Q

What does Naturral selection explain?

A

Adaptation (It is its Mechanism

58
Q

A change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment

A

Adaptation

59
Q

What are the Basics of Natural selection?

A

There is variation in traits

There is differential reproduction

There is heredity

More advantageous traits become more common in a population

60
Q

Complete the following Table:

OBSERVATIONS (A-E)
A: Natural populations do not normally increase exponentially but remain fairly
constant

B: Variation occurs among individuals within populations

C: Variation is heritable

D: Organisms have great potential for fertility, which permits exponential growth of populations

E: Natural resources are limited

INFERENCES (F-H)
F: natural selection, acting over many generations, gradually produces
new adaptations and new species

G: A struggle for existence occurs among individuals in a population

H: varying organisms show differential survival and reproduction favouring advantageous traits

A

Organisms 2 (AEBI 211) (13 decks)

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