Lab 1 (Jayden) Flashcards
Who are the single-celled eukaryotic organisms other wise known as ‘first animals’
Protozoans
True or false- protozoans form a distinct monophyletic clade
False - they do not form a distinct monophyletic clade but it is easier to address them as a group
What 4 characteristics do Protozoans share?
- A cell membrane instead of a cell wall
- No tissues nor organs, they have organelles
- Cytoskeleton is present
- Live in water/moist soil
What are the 3 groups of protozoans?
- Amoeba sp.
- Paramecium sp.
- Trypanosoma sp.
True or false - amoebas only live in freshwater
False - they live in both salt and freshwater, including moist soil
What 3 things do amoebas feed on?
- algae
- bacteria
- other protozoa
What is this, and what is the function?
Cell membrane
provides structure
acts as semi-permeable environmental barrier through which water, nutrients and other products flow.
What is this, and what is it made of?
Ectoplasm
strengthened by meshork of fibrous actin
What is this and what is the function?
Endoplasm
Inner fluid material, often found in organelles
What is this?
Amoeba proteus (w.m)
What is this?
Amoeba proteus (w.m.)
What is present in all animal cells and provides support, structure and involved in movement?
Cytoskeleton, a network of inner protein fibers
What is this and what is the function?
pseudopodia
Extensions of the membranes are used for movement by grasping a surface and pulling the rest of the cell forward.
(stiffened ectoplasm vs streaming endoplasm)
What is this and what is the function?
Food vacuole
When food items are encircled by pseudopodia, food vacuoles are formed, filled with water, enabling the food to be later digested by enzymes
What feeding process do amoebas use?
phagocytosis
What type of reproduction do amoebas use?
Asexual (binary fission)
Definition of paramecia
active ciliate protozoans found in freshwater that contain much organic matter
What do paramecia feed on? How do they feed?
They feed on small particles like bacteria. The oral groove is lined with cilia that draw food into the endoplasm.
Name all of the following body parts
How to paramecium reproduce?
asexually (binary fission)
sexually (conjugation)
What is this?
Paramecium (w.m.)
What is this?
Paramecium (w.m.)
What is this?
Paramecium (w.m.)
Definition of Trypanosoma
parasite that causes serious illnesses such as sleeping sickness and Chagas’s disease.
need an intermediate host to infect humans.
How do Trypanosoma move?
flagellum
What is this?
Trypanosoma Brucel (b.s.)
How do Trypanosoma feed?
absorb food from its host’s blood or other body fluids through cell membrane
Label all the following body parts
Define Porifera
multi-cellular metazoan organisms
have no tissues or organs
cellular level organization
all adults are sessile, may be colonial or solitary
Name four shared characteristics among poriferans
- pore and canal system
- choanocytes
- spicules + spongin
- spongocoel and osculum
What is this?
Scypha c.s
Label all body parts of this scypha
What is this and what is the function?
Spicules
Reinforces body wall of the sponge- are rigid pointy crystalline calcium carbonate structures. Act as a skeleton (support)
Names for the tunnels and openings that comprise the sponge’s body wall
canals and pores
finger like projections point outward along the length of the body wall, and space between these spaces are called
radial canals and incurrent canals
definition of prosopyles and apopyles
prosopyles: tiny openings that water passes through when entering the incurrent canals.
Water exits from radial canals through the apopyles
name for specialized flagellated cells that line the radial canals.
choanocytes
Define Cnidaria
the most primitive multi-cellular organisms called eumetazoans
tissue-level organization
all have cnidocytes
radially symmetrical
What two forms do cnidaria have?
- sessile polyp
- free-swimming medusa
What three classes of cnidarians are looked at?
- Hydrazoa
- Scyphozoa
- Anthozoa
What form do hydrozoa exist in? Where do they exist?
Only polyp form. Found in pools, streams, ponds, underside of aquatic vegetation
what skeleton do hydrozoa rely on, and why?
Hydrostatic skeleton, relies on internal water pressure made by skeleton to maintain it’s form
How do hydra move?
Sessile, and attach to surface using sticky substance from glands in the basal disk.
can move tentacles
How do hydra feed?
mouth lies at the base of long tentacles. Tentacles are used in feeding.
Name the body parts of this Hydrozoan polyp and reproductive female.
Cnidocytes on tentacles encloses __________
nematocytes (tiny capsules containing a coiled, threadlike stinging filament.
name all of the body parts in the cnidocytes
Describe digestion in hydrozoans
food goes from mouth the gastrovascular cavity, where enzymes digest cellularly. NO ANUS, scraps are ejected from the mouth.
How do hydrozoans reproduce?
Asexual (budding) - new animal forms from the epidermis of parent hydrozoan.
Sexually (ovaries and testes)
Are hydrozoans only monoecious?
Some species are monoecious but others are diecious.
What is this?
Hydra (wet mount)
What is this?
Hydra (wet mount)
Describe the class Scyphozoa
‘True jellyfish’
made up of 94-99% water
tetramerous radial symmetry
what forms do scyphozoans have?
both polyp and medusa stages (both have stinging cnidocytes)
Name the body parts in this true jellyfish
What is the bell in a moon jelly?
parasol-shaped surface (hydrostatic skeleton allows for shape)
define rhopalia in moon jelly
a bundle of sensory structures at each junction between the outer margin sectors.
How do scyphozoans move?
Decentralized nervous system controls muscle fibers that move the animal’s bell and allow it to swim in the water column (same control for tentacles
How do scyphozoans feed?
small tentacles along the margins (not oral arms) filter prey towards mucous on the margin.
prey are collected by trough-shaped oral arms which direct food to mouth
mouth opens to short gullet (leads to stomach
how many gastric pouches extend from the stomach
four
True or false - scyphozoans subdue prey via cnidocytes before digestion in the gastrovascular cavity
True
Are moon jellies dioecious, monoecious or both
dioecious
What is this?
Moon Jellies
In fertilization, where do the gonads shed sperm or eggs from
gastric pouches
(sperm and egg then discharged from the mouth)
How do scyphozoans reproduce?
fertilization takes place externally
(young embryos develop on the oral arms, until, when mature enough, the ciliated larvae escape the parent and attach to substrate)
what is the tiny sessile polyp called in scyphozoans?
scyphistoma
What body from does the scyphistoma develop into
multi-tiered strobila
What are the tiny medusae that bud off the strobila called?
ephyra
What is this?
Aurelia ephyra
What is this?
Aurelia strobili
What is this?
Aurelia strobili
Define class Anthozoa
‘sea anemones’ marine animal that live comfortably in intertidal zones and depths up to 75m
Name the following body parts of a sea anemone
What is this?
Sea anemone
What is this?
Sea anemone
